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Humidification Dehumidification Solar Desalination System

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Humidification Dehumidification Solar Desalination System ( humidification-dehumidification-solar-desalination-system )

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Mathematics 2021, 9, 33 2 of 31 ness [8]. In this aspect, Reif et al. [9] focused on the desalination system powered by solar energy and reviewed its potential and challenges. Considering the need of the modern world, Giwa et al. [10] proposed recent advances in the solar-assisted humidification- dehumidification (HDH) type desalination system in terms of improved design and pro- ductivity. Afterwards, Kabeel et al. [11] and Hamed et al. [12] developed an experimental setup for the solar power HDH type of desalination system. Kabeel et al. [11] concluded that the condenser with a cylindrical shell and corrugated fins led to an increase in the rate of heat transfer, the cellulose of 5 mm gives higher productivity as compared to the usage of cellulose of 7 mm under both natural and forced flow circulation. Whereas, Hamed et al. [12] concluded that average productivity of the desalination unit is 22 litres per day with an estimated cost of 0.0578 USD per litre, the best operating time during the day is between 1 and 5 pm, and the productivity of the unit increases as the temperature of the water which is entering the humidifier is increased. Balaji et al. [13] carried out the numerical analysis of HDH desalination system by developing code in ‘C’ language to study the performance for various operating conditions. Their results have indicated that increasing the mass flow rate of air increases the gain-output-ratio and they reported that the economic feasibility of the system is in the lower range because no external sources were used. Zhani et al. [14] also developed a prototype of a solar-assisted HDH desalination system and tested it for the weather conditions of Tunisia during the summer season (June, July, and August). They concluded that their proposed system is quite efficient tech- nically, however it lacks in economic efficiency. Owing to the requirement of a large surface area for solar energy collection, Elminshawy et al. [15] proposed to run the desalination system using two energy sources i.e., solar as well as a low-grade heat source. Elminshawy et al. [15] also developed an analytical model and the results were compared with the experimental results. It was concluded that the cost of the water is 0.014 USD per litre, and this corresponds to a fuel-saving equivalent to 1844 kg per hour. Narayan et al. [16] evaluated the potential of a solar-driven humidification- dehumidi- fication desalination plant for small-scale decentralized water production, presented [17] the thermodynamic analysis of desalination cycles, introduced [18] an experimental inves- tigation on the thermal design of humidification dehumidification desalination system, and also presented [19] a thermodynamic balancing of HDH desalination by mass extrac- tion and injection. The authors, in their reference work [17], concluded that the air-heated cycles reported in the literature are insufficient, a dehumidifier is more vital than the hu- midifier to the performance of a conventional water-heated cycle, and the varied pressure systems can have a better performance than a single pressure system. The authors, in their reference work [18], summarized that, for a water-heated closed-air-open-water humidi- fication, a dehumidification system without any mass extraction represents a maximum gained-output-ratio. Similarly, the authors in their reference work [19] concluded that the uncertainty of the final results with the approximation of the air being saturated to all the points in the humidification and dehumidification process seems to be reasonably small based on the boundary layer data from Thiel and Lienhard [20]. Summers et al. [21] presented a comparison of the energy efficiency of a single-stage membrane distillation desalination cycles in various configurations and reported that the rate-limiting processes and their impact on gained-output-ratio can be determined from the development model, and a single-stage vacuum membrane distillation is inher- ently limited by the low temperature of condensation which results from the reduction in pressure. McGovern [22] presented the performance limits of zero and single extrac- tion humidification-dehumidification desalination systems and reported that the usage of an ideal gas model for water vapour and the air is highly accurate to model HDH systems, the influence of salinity at 35,000 parts per million is to reduce the change in moist air humidity ratio and enthalpy by approximating 1% and 3%, respectively, for a feed temperature of 25 ◦C and a top air temperature of 70 ◦C.

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