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Energies 2020, 13, 5043 10 of 20 The significant change in FFC power density shown in Figure 5 is due to a change in polarization at different Φ. At lower current densities (<100 mA/cm2), the slope of the polarization curves remains similar at all Φ indicating dominant ohmic losses. At higher current densities, the polarization losses increase as Φ decreases. This happens because as the Φ decreases, the concentration of syngas in the combustion exhaust decreases, as Table 2 shows, leading to higher concentration losses. There are no significant activation losses at any Φ. As a result of changes in polarization, the power density at each current density increases as the Φ increases. As the Φ increases, more syngas is available in the combustion exhaust leading to larger Gibbs’ free energy released, which in turn leads to less concentration losses and more total power being generated in the FFC. At an operating voltage of 0.6 V, the maximum power density of 183 mW/cm2 occurs at a Φ of 2.8. This power density result (<200 mW/cm2) may not seem impressive on its own; however, consideration of the fuel-utilization efficiencies achieved during the experiment does give it more significance. The fuel utilization efficiencies reached during the experiment are significantly higher than those found in literature for FFCs [16,24,42,46]. For example, a fuel utilization of 75% at Φ of 1.2 and 63% at Φ of 2.8 is obtained at an operating voltage of 0.6 V. Low flow rates and the controlled experiment in the furnace are the primary reasons for the high fuel utilization observed. Experiments were also conducted for a FFC operating in methane/air fuel-rich combustion exhaust and similar operating characteristics, fuel utilization, and fuel cell efficiency were obtained. The model, presented below, uses experimental parameters of fuel utilization and fuel cell efficiency for the FFC operation in methane/oxygen and methane/air fuel-rich combustion exhaust. It is important to consider the validity of the FFC model described earlier for prediction of experimental results. From the results in Figure 5, the FFC open circuit voltage shows a clear increasing trend with Φ due to decreased Nernstian loss, as predicted by Equation (10). Figure 6 shows that the analytically calculated reversible cell potential and the open circuit voltage increase with increase in Φ due to increase in the syngas concentration in the fuel-rich combustion exhaust. This comparison indicates that the FFC model is in approximate agreement (<5% variation at all Φ) with the experimental results validating the theoretical model described in the paper. Figure 6. Comparison of analytically calculated reversible voltage and experimentally obtained open circuit voltage.PDF Image | Hybrid Fuel Cell Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle CO2 Storage
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