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Exhibit 5: RD&D Opportunities and Barriers Addressed Barriers Addressed Develop low-cost, novel materials for resistance to corrosive contaminants and to high temperatures Economically scale down heat recovery equipment Develop economic recovery systems that can be easily cleaned after exposure to gases with high chemical activity Develop novel manufacturing processes that avoid introducing contaminants into off-gases in energy-intensive manufacturing processes Develop low-cost dry gas cleaning systems Develop and demonstrate low- temperature heat recovery technologies, including heat pumps and low- temperature electricity generation Develop alternative end-uses for waste heat Develop novel heat exchanger designs with increased heat transfer coefficients Develop process-specific heat recovery technologies Reduce the technical challenges and costs of process-specific feed preheating x systems Evaluate and develop opportunities for recovery from unconventional waste heat sources (e.g., sidewall losses) Promote new heat recovery technologies such as solid-state generation Promote low-cost manufacturing techniques for the technologies x x described above Source: Waste Heat Recovery: Technology and Opportunities in U.S. Industry, BCS, 2008. x x xxx x x x xx xxx xx xxx xx x xxx Opportunity Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat and Emissions A Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) report titled “Opportunity Analysis for Recovering Energy from Industrial Waste Heat and Emissions” discusses waste energy availability. The report analyzes barriers and pathways to recovering chemical and thermal emissions from U.S. industry, with the goal of more effectively capitalizing on such opportunities. A primary part of this study was characterizing the quantity and energy value of these emissions. The authors surveyed publicly available literature to determine the amount of energy embedded in the emissions and identify technology opportunities to capture and reuse this energy. The authors identify U.S. industry as having 2,180 petajoules (PJ), or 2 Quads (quadrillion Btu), of residual chemical fuel value. As landfills are not traditionally considered industrial organizations, the industry component of x xxxxx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 4 Long Payback Periods Material Constraints and Costs Maintenance Costs Economies of Scale Lack of End-Use Heat Transfer Rates Environmental Concerns Process Control and Product Quality Process-Specific Constraints InaccessibilityPDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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