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these emissions has a value of 1,480 PJ, or 1.4 Quads—approximately 4.3% of total energy use by U.S. industry. The report discusses the advanced materials (e.g., thermoelectric, thermionic, and piezoelectric) and other technologies (e.g., solid oxide fuel cells) that, in the authors’ opinion, are the most promising technologies for re-utilizing chemical and thermal emissions. The authors recommend additional research and development as well as industry education to make these technologies sufficiently cost effective and widely commercialized. Engineering Scoping Study of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Systems for Industrial Waste Heat Recovery PNNL and BCS, Incorporated prepared a report titled “Engineering Scoping Study of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Systems for Industrial Waste Heat Recovery” that was issued in November 2006. This report evaluated the TEG system with the intent to accomplish the following: Examine industrial processes in order to identify and quantify industrial waste heat sources that could potentially use TEGs. Describe the operating environment that a TEG would encounter in selected industrial processes and quantify the anticipated TEG system performance. Identify cost, design, and engineering performance requirements needed for TEGs to operate in the selected industrial processes. Identify the research, development, and deployment needed to overcome limitations that discourage the development and use of TEGs for recovery of industrial waste heat. Three industrial waste heat processes were selected to investigate applicability of TEGs: glass furnaces (905°–2,550°F or 485°–1,400°C), aluminum Hall-Hèroult cells (1,760°F or ~960°C), and reverberatory furnaces (1,400°F or ~760°C). Based on the analysis of opportunities, the report concludes that TEG application in glass furnaces would generate more than $25 million in annual sales, assuming that higher efficiency TEGs with a dimensionless figure of merit ZT ~2 could be built for $5/watt and assuming that 5% of the market buys TEGs per year. The report suggests pursuing R&D work in thermal transfer technologies and engineering studies to interface TEG systems with existing process equipment, as well as studies of possible exhaust system modifications (e.g., duct length and residence times) that could lead to greater opportunities for integrating TEG systems in more industrial applications. Analysis of waste heat sources and recovery is greatly affected by the waste heat temperature—therefore it is necessary to clearly identify the temperature regimes for waste heat related discussions. The BCS report identifies three temperature ranges to classify waste heat sources and opportunities; however, there is no general agreement on or basis for this definition of the temperature range. In this report, the temperature ranges have been expanded on both sides (high and low) of the spectrum. This expansion allows for the exploration and identification of R&D opportunities in the temperature ranges below 250°F (or <120°C) (ultra-low temperature) and higher than 1,600°F (or >870°C) (ultra-high temperature), in which it is difficult to identify cost-effective waste heat recovery methods or equipment. Hence, this report recognizes the following five temperature ranges: Ultra low temperature: below 250°F (or <120°C). The lower temperature for this range is usually the ambient temperature or the temperature of a cooling medium such as cooling tower water or Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 5PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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