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Absorption Chillers Absorption chillers transfer recovered waste heat to a heat sink through an absorbent fluid and a refrigerant. There are two primary systems using two different types of working fluids: ammonia–water and lithium bromide-–water. Ammonia–water is used in a number of applications, such as small refrigerators and large heat-recovery machines installed with power plants. Ammonia is an excellent refrigerant with a high latent heat and excellent heat transfer characteristics. However, because of its toxicity, it is often restricted to applications in which the equipment is located outside to allow for the natural dilution of any leaks. Aqueous lithium bromide is used for all types of systems and is being widely used to avoid concerns about the toxicity of ammonia-based systems. These systems use a low-temperature liquid refrigerant that absorbs heat from the heat source (usually hot water) to be cooled and converted to a vapor (in the evaporator section). The refrigerant vapor is then compressed to a higher pressure by a compressor or generator and converted back into a liquid by rejecting heat to the external surroundings in the condenser section. Next, it is expanded to a low-pressure mixture of liquid and vapor (in the expander valve), which boils in the evaporator section, absorbing heat and producing the cooling effect. Then the cycle is repeated. Ammonia–Water Absorption System Ammonia–water absorption chillers and heat pumps are designed for 2–10 RT (Refrigeration Tons) and can be modularized into larger systems. Compared with the lithium bromide single-effect absorption water cycle, the ammonia–water single-effect absorption cycle requires two additional components: a rectifier, which is needed because the absorbent (water) is volatile at generator conditions, and a condensate precooler. The rectifier is designed to strip some of the water out of the vapor stream. One design option for increasing the coefficient of performance (COP) that is available when ammonia-– water is the working fluid is the generator-absorber heat exchanger (GAX). GAX is not possible in lithium bromide systems because of the crystallization characteristics. The basic feature of GAX is an internal heat exchange. This allows the heat to be input at a higher temperature such that it is then reused internally. A temperature overlap between the generator and the absorber can be used to move some of the heat normally rejected by the absorber back to the generator, thereby reducing the heat input required and increasing efficiency. This overlap will only exist if the temperature difference between the condenser and evaporator is relatively low, which occurs in most air-conditioning applications. Lithium Bromide Systems A lithium bromide (Li-Br) system uses a solution of water and lithium bromide as working fluid instead of an ammonia and water mixture. The system uses waste heat in the form of low-pressure steam to supply the necessary energy to “drive” the system. The thermal system replaces a compressor used in electrically driven vapor compression systems commonly used by the industry. As shown in Exhibit A-14, a typical absorption cooling system using fluids such as lithium bromide/absorption includes two vessels or shells. The upper shell contains the generator and condenser; the lower shell, the absorber and evaporator. Heat supplied in the generator section is added to a solution of LiBr/H2O. This heat causes the refrigerant, in this case water, to be boiled out of the solution in a distillation process. The water vapor that results passes into the condenser section where a cooling medium is used to condense the vapor back to a liquid state. The water then flows down to the evaporator section where it passes over tubes containing the fluid to be cooled. By maintaining a very low pressure in the absorber-evaporator shell, the water boils at a very low temperature. This boiling causes Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 57PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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