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TA 6M: Waste Heat Recovery Table 6.M.6 Commonly Used WHR Systems by Temperature Range1 Ultra-Low Temperature (< 250°F) Low Temperature (250° F to 600°F) Medium Temperature (600°F to 1200°F) High Temperature (1200°F to 1600°F) Ultra-High Temperature (>1600°F) Shell and tube type heat exchangers Plate type heat exchangers Air heaters for waste heat from liquids Heat pumps HVAC applications (i.e., recirculation water heating or glycol-water recirculation) Direct contact water heaters Non-metallic heat exchangers Convection recuperator (metallic) of many different designs Finned tube heat exchanger (economizers) Shell and tube heat exchangers for water and liquid heating Heat pumps Direct contact water heaters Condensing water heaters or heat exchangers Metallic heat wheel Heat pipe exchanger Convection recuperator (metallic) of many different designs Finned tube heat exchanger (economizers) Shell and tube heat exchangers for water and liquid heating Self-recuperative burners Waste heat boilers for steam or hot water condensate Load-charge (convection section) preheating Metallic heat wheel Heat pipe exchanger Convection recuperator (metallic) – mostly tubular Radiation recuperator Regenerative burners Heat recovery boilers Waste heat boilers including steam turbine-generator based power generation Load or charge preheating Metallic heat wheels (regenerative system) Refractory (ceramic) regenerators Heat recovery boilers Regenerative burners Radiation recuperator Waste heat boilers including steam turbine-generator based power generation Load or charge preheating Waste Heat to Power Technologies Waste heat to power (WHP) is the process of capturing heat discarded by an existing process and using that heat to generate electricity. WHP technologies fall under the WHR category. In general, the least expensive option for utilizing waste heat is to re-use this energy in an on-site thermal process. If it is not feasible to recover energy from a waste heat stream for another thermal process, then a WHP system may be an economically attractive option. Commonly used WHP technologies are: Rankine Cycle (RC) - The most common example of the Rankine cycle is the steam turbine, or steam Rankine cycle (SRC). In a SRC system, the working fluid is water, and steam is created to drive a turbine. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) - Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems are similar to SRC systems, but are typically used at lower temperatures, and instead of water the working fluid is a hydrocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, or ammonia. Kalina Cycle (KC) - The Kalina cycle is a variation of the Rankine cycle, using a binary fluid pair as the working fluid (typically water and ammonia), and has the potential to have higher efficiency than the SRC.18 Supercritical CO2 Cycle - Another variation of the Rankine Cycle is the supercritical CO2 (sCO2) cycle, which utilizes carbon dioxide in place of water/steam for a heat-driven power cycle. The QTR Technology Assessment 4.R Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle examines sCO2 in more detail. 17 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Innovating Clean Energy Technologies in Advanced Manufacturing
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