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Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source

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Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source ( nanogenerators-as-sustainable-power-source )

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nanomaterials Review Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source: State of Art, Applications, and Challenges Sridhar Sripadmanabhan Indira 1 , Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam 1,* , Kameswara Satya Prakash Oruganti 1 , Faizal Mohd 1 and Saidur Rahman 2,3 1 2 3 Received: 7 April 2019; Accepted: 13 May 2019; Published: 20 May 2019 School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor’s, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; sridharsripadmanabhannadarindira@sd.taylors.edu.my (S.S.I.); kameswarasatyaprakashoruganti@sd.taylors.edu.my (K.S.P.O.); Mohdfaizal.fauzan@taylors.edu.my (F.M.) Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia; saidur@sunway.edu.my American University of Ras Al Khaimah, 31291 Ras Al Khaimah, UAE * Correspondence: chockalingamaravind.vaithilingam@taylors.edu.my; Tel.: +00-6012-354-3891 Abstract: A sustainable power source to meet the needs of energy requirement is very much essential in modern society as the conventional sources are depleting. Bioenergy, hydropower, solar, and wind are some of the well-established renewable energy sources that help to attain the need for energy at mega to gigawatts power scale. Nanogenerators based on nano energy are the growing technology that facilitate self-powered systems, sensors, and flexible and portable electronics in the booming era of IoT (Internet of Things). The nanogenerators can harvest small-scale energy from the ambient nature and surroundings for efficient utilization. The nanogenerators were based on piezo, tribo, and pyroelectric effect, and the first of its kind was developed in the year 2006 by Wang et al. The invention of nanogenerators is a breakthrough in the field of ambient energy-harvesting techniques as they are lightweight, easily fabricated, sustainable, and care-free systems. In this paper, a comprehensive review on fundamentals, performance, recent developments, and application of nanogenerators in self-powered sensors, wind energy harvesting, blue energy harvesting, and its integration with solar photovoltaics are discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges in the growth of this technology are also outlined. Keywords: piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG); triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG); pyroelectric nanogenerator (PyENG); self-powered systems; bio-sensors; blue energy 1. Introduction Energy is an essential requirement for our daily life and sustainable development of our modern society. Energy is required in transportation, communication, aviation, and it also powers our computers, TVs, mobile phones, washing machines, air conditioners, and numerous other electrical and electronic devices. In the past few decades, the rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population growth has increased the demand for energy, leading to the overweening consumption of fossil fuels, which downscales the fossil reserves. The growing global warming, climate change, and diminution of energy reserves led to devoted research towards sustainable and renewable energy sources. As per the 2018 BP (British Petroleum) Energy Outlook, renewable energy is the fastest growing energy source, which accounts for 40% of the increase in energy [1]. Bioenergy, hydropower, solar, and wind are some of the well-established renewable energy sources that help to attain the need for energy at mega to gigawatts power scale. In the past decades, energy-harvesting techniques have drawn the limelight 􏰁􏰂􏰃 􏰅􏰆􏰇 􏰈􏰉􏰊􏰋􏰌􏰂􏰍 Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773; doi:10.3390/nano9050773 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials

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