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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 22 of 35 Nanomaterials 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 of 35 4.3. Outlook on TENGs 4.3. Outlook on TENGs The comparative table shows the triboelectric nanogenerators with various materials and their The comparative table shows the triboelectric nanogenerators with various materials and their respective power output. The maximum voltage output obtained through research over the years in the respective power output. The maximum voltage output obtained through research over the years in field of triboelectric nanogenerators is shown in Figure 6. The trendline shows a linear improvement in the field of triboelectric nanogenerators is shown in Figure 6. The trendline shows a linear the output voltage of TENGs over the years. Apart from the choice of materials from the triboelectric improvement in the output voltage of TENGs over the years. Apart from the choice of materials from series, by increasing the frictional force between the triboelectric surfaces, the output performance the triboelectric series, by increasing the frictional force between the triboelectric surfaces, the output of the TENG can be enhanced. The output performance of the TENGs was also largely dependent performance of the TENG can be enhanced. The output performance of the TENGs was also largely upon the contact materials used. The contact materials can be made out of composites by embedding dependent upon the contact materials used. The contact materials can be made out of composites by nanoparticles in a polymer matrix; by doing this, the electrostatic induction can be enhanced by embedding nanoparticles in a polymer matrix; by doing this, the electrostatic induction can be altering the surface electrification and permittivity. Techniques like forming pyramid-, square-, enhanced by altering the surface electrification and permittivity. Techniques like forming pyramid-, and hemisphere-based nanopatterns over the triboelectric surfaces improves the contact area, thus square-, and hemisphere-based nanopatterns over the triboelectric surfaces improves the contact improving the triboelectrification. This gives a more significant opportunity for the researchers to area, thus improving the triboelectrification. This gives a more significant opportunity for the improve the efficiency of TENGs through extensive research at the material level. The DC TENGs researchers to improve the efficiency of TENGs through extensive research at the material level. The opens a new opportunity for research development in DC energy harvesting and flexible electronics. DC TENGs opens a new opportunity for research development in DC energy harvesting and flexible Moreover, when compared with PENGs, the output voltage of TENGs are very high and hence has a electronics. Moreover, when compared with PENGs, the output voltage of TENGs are very high and wide range of applications. This endorses a more significant number of research developments in the hence has a wide range of applications. This endorses a more significant number of research field of TENG, unlike PENG. developments in the field of TENG, unlike PENG. 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1100 500 R2= 0.1727 569.9 200 1000 2000 407 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 YEAR 2017 2018 Figure 6. The maximum voltage obtained from TENG over the years. Figure 6. The maximum voltage obtained from TENG over the years. 5. Nanogenerators Based on Thermoelectric Effect (Seebeck Effect) 5. Nanogenerators Based on Thermoelectric Effect (Seebeck Effect) Thermoelectric generators (TEG) function like heat engines, which convert the temperature difference into electric voltage. The process of direct conversion of the temperature difference into Thermoelectric generators (TEG) function like heat engines, which convert the temperature electric voltage is called a Seebeck effect [200]. The same process can be reversed, that when an electric difference into electric voltage. The process of direct conversion of the temperature difference into current is passed across a junction between two different conductors, heat is either absorbed or is electric voltage is called a Seebeck effect [200]. The same process can be reversed, that when an electric produced on the junction. In TEG, the generated voltage is directly proportional to the temperature current is passed across a junction between two different conductors, heat is either absorbed or is gradient [201,202] (i.e., temperature changing over distance). produced on the junction. In TEG, the generated voltage is directly proportional to the temperature The thermoelectric generators are most commonly used as a micro energy harvester to harvest gradient [201,202] (i.e., temperature changing over distance). waste heat energy in power plants, the engine of moving automobiles, solar panels, CPU of computers, The thermoelectric generators are most commonly used as a micro energy harvester to harvest the human body, etc. [200,202,203]. To efficiently harvest the waste heat energy using the Seebeck waste heat energy in power plants, the engine of moving automobiles, solar panels, CPU of effect, the temperature gradient should be very high [204] also the thermoelectric materials are costly. computers, the human body, etc. [200,202,203]. To efficiently harvest the waste heat energy using the The first thermoelectric nanogenerator was developed in 2012 by Wang’s group based on a single Seebeck effect, the temperature gradient should be very high [204] also the thermoelectric materials Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt [203]. The single Sb-doped ZnO micro belt shows a Seebeck coefficient of are costly. The first thermoelectric nanogenerator was developed in 2012 by Wang’s group based on about −350 μV/K and a high-power factor of about 3.2 × 10−4 W/m K2. A single Sb-doped ZnO micro a single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt [203]. The single Sb-doped ZnO micro belt shows a Seebeck beltunderatemperaturedifferenceof30Kproducedanoutputvoltageof−410mVa2ndanoutputcurrent coefficient of about −350 μV/K and a high-power factor of about 3.2 × 10 W/m K . A single Sb-doped of 194 nA. This type of nanogenerators can be used in self-powered temperature sensors. In the year ZnO micro belt under a temperature difference of 30 K produced an output voltage of 10 mV and an output current of 194 nA. This type of nanogenerators can be used in self-powered temperature VOTAGE (V)PDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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