PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 023
Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 23 of 35 2016, Rojas et al. [205] developed a paper-based and flexible thermoelectric nanogenerator based on paper substrates using simple micromachining and microfabrication techniques. A higher power of ~80 nW was achieved when a smooth polyester paper is used at a temperature difference of 75 K. Such a type of nanogenerator are promising power sources for flexible and wearable electronics. 6. Nanogenerators Based on Pyroelectric Effect Pyroelectric nanogenerators are marvelous energy-harvesting devices of the future that have the enormous capability of converting thermal energy to electric energy by utilizing nano-sized pyroelectric materials. The main difference between the Seebeck effect-based thermal energy harvesters and pyroelectric generators is the time-dependent temperature. In the Seebeck effect, we cannot generate power from time-dependent temperature fluctuation because spontaneous polarization is not possible in the Seebeck effect. The first pyroelectric nanogenerator was developed in 2012 by the Wang group, which was based on ZnO nanowire arrays [206]. Review on Progress and Output Power Optimization in PyENG Yang et al. [206] developed the first of kind thermal energy harvester based on pyroelectric effect. They used ZnO nanowires in their device, whose pyroelectric and semiconducting properties creates polarization and charge separation along the nanowire due to the time-dependent change in temperature. The pyroelectric current and voltage coefficients are ~1.2–1.5 nC/cm2 K and ~2.5–4 × 104 V/mK, respectively. The coefficient of heat conversion into electricity is found to be ~0.05–0.08 Vm2/W. Yang et al. [80] demonstrated a PyENG based on a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film, which has a pyroelectric coefficient of about −80 nC/cm2 K. The developed PyENG, which undergoes a temperature change of 45 K at a rate of ~0.2 K/s, produces an output voltage and current density of ~22 V and ~171 nA/cm2. The single output pulse of this PyENG can be used to drive an LCD for more than 60 s. The researchers, through theoretical calculation and analysis, found that the high output of the PyENG depends on the pyroelectric coefficient, the change in temperature, and the thickness of the film. Ko et al. [207] developed a pyroelectric power generation from relaxor ferroelectric 0.7 Pb (Mg1/3Nb2/3) O3–0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) as a single crystal. They can develop the generator near the structural phase–transition temperature. They successfully achieved the open circuit voltage of 1.1 V and 10 nA at room temperature. From their analysis, they were confident about developing a pyro generator for high power applications. Xue et al. [208] developed a wearable pyroelectric nanogenerator by utilizing the excess heat available naturally from various sources. Mainly, they developed a sensor to analyze the heat fluctuation from human breathing where it recorded at 5 ◦C ambient temperature. During the process of utilizing the temperature from human breath, it is found that the pyroelectric generator generated an open voltage of 42 V and a short circuit of 2.5 μA. During this process, 50 M ohms is connected and reached up to a maximum of 8.31 microwatts. From the above analysis and working model, they demonstrate the pyroelectric generator can be used as an unencumbered wearable mode, which promises the development of energy harvester for practical applications. Ma et al. [209] designed an enhanced self-powered UV photoresponse of ferroelectric BaTiO3 by the pyroelectric effect. Using the BaTio3 developed intrinsic spontaneous polarization with slight temperature fluctuation. They reported a 365 nm UV light photodetector using the light-induced pyroelectric force in Ag/BTO/with the response of 0.5 s at the rising edge. They suggested they can be dramatically enhanced by larger than 1200% with 2.1 K/S temperature variant. So, they proposed a method to improve 365 nm light response by coupling light and heating-induced pyroelectric effect in BTO. Moalla et al. [210] investigated the monolithically integrated metal insulator metal, which is a 500 nm thick Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 structure polycrystalline textured for analyzing the pyroelectric properties. They compared the pyroelectric properties of polycrystalline PZT film and epitaxial PZT film integrated on silicon, both statically (with stabilized temperatures) and dynamically (temperaturePDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
PDF Search Title:
Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power SourceOriginal File Name Searched:
nanomaterials-09-00773-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)