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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 24 of 35 transient as a pyroelectric generator should work). They calculated the critical difference in the densities of converted pyroelectric energy with almost two magnitudes. Jiang et al. [211] analyzed the pyroelectric properties of intrinsic GaN nanowires (NW) and nanotubes (NT) based on the size and shape of the semiconductors. The influence of the shape contributes to the significant effect on its potentials by up to dozens of times or even more. For their analysis, they have provided evidence that the pyroelectricity decreases with the inverse of nanocrystal size or with the shape factor. Raouadi et al. [212] conducted a study and conducted experimental research on harvesting wind energy by pyroelectric nanogenerators (PNG). They demonstrated that using a “PVDF film + vortex generator” PNG could produce an uninterrupted power supply. During the process, they were successful in their results and provided an output current of 0.109 microamperes for 25 m/s wind velocity for a 9 micro meter PVDF film, which was stored in 1 microfarad. Yang et al. [213] investigated the flexible PbTiO3–nanowires for analyzing the dielectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric properties. They designed flexible composite thin films with fillers as PbTiO3 monocrystalline nanowires, and poly (vinylidene fluoride-tri-fluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) as a matrix were prepared. During the process, it is necessary to do hot pressing to eliminate the γ-phase in the solution, which suppresses the switchability of the P (VDF-TrFE) matrix. They found the relative permittivity and dielectric losses of the composites are greatly decreased. Pyroelectric coefficient p of the composites increases with the mass fraction of PbTiO3. The voltage FOM Fv decreases as the loading of PbTiO3 nanowires increases, while detectivity FOM (FD) remains relatively high with level for 0–30 wt% loading content. The list of PyENGs developed over the years are listed below in Table 6. Year 2012 2012 2014 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 Authors Yang et al. [206] Yang et al. [80] Ko et al. [207] Xue et al. [208] Ma et al. [209] Moalla et al. [210] Jiangetal. [211] Raouadi et al. [212] Yang et al. [213] Pyroelectric Material and Electrodes ZnO nanowires, Ag/ITO PZT film, Cu/Ni layer PMN-PT PVDF the film, Al BaTio3, Ag Pb(Zr0.52 Ti0.48)O3 GaN PVDF film/vortex generator PbTiO3 nanowires/ P(VDF-TrFE) Pyroelectric Current Coefficient ~1.2–1.5 nC/cm2 K −80 nC/cm2 K ~104–235 nC/cm2 K 27 μC/m2 K 2.1 nC/cm2 K −470 μC/m2 K (static) 30 μC/m2 K (dynamic) - 27.15 μC/m2 K 52.7 μC/m2 K/72.8 μC/m2 K Pyroelectric Voltage Coefficient ~2.5–4 × 104 V/mK - - - - - 7×105 V/mK - - Output Voltage/ Current Current Power Density Density/ Power ~0.05–0.08 - Vm2/W Table 6. Significant improvements in the development of pyroelectric nanogenerator (PyENG). - ~22 V 171 1.1 V, 10 nA 42 V, 2.5 μA 2.2 nA - - - - nA/cm2 - - - 8.31 μW - 60.3 nW - - - - 0.109 2.82 μA/cm2 μW/cm2 - - 7. Conclusions A comprehensive review of various types of generators and its applications were focused in this paper. The invention of nanogenerators is the most significant milestone in the growing crisis of energy shortage and climate change. Harvesting ambient mechanical energy for electrical and electronics systems are found to be sustainable as they move towards minimization, mobility, and performance. It shows promising potential in the field of transportation, monitoring sensors, biomedical sensors, wind/wave/water drop energy harvesting, rehabilitation devices as smart sensors,PDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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