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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 25 of 35 etc. The nanogenerators are lightweight, made out of low-cost materials, easily fabricated, are small in size, and above all, give high output intensity, which makes it a promising technology towards sustainability. Nanogenerators can be a successful replacement to batteries in the application of self-powered sensors. Generally, the output voltage of nanogenerators is very high when compared to their output current. From this review, it has been found that among the three types of nanogenerators, the triboelectric nanogenerators are capable of generating higher voltage and power density. This high-voltage low-current issue can be managed by voltage transformers and rectifiers, which can boost the current and reduce the voltage. As the source of power to nanogenerators are intermittent, the output power is not stable, so to provide stable power to electronics, capacitors and highly efficient power management circuits can be used. Through transformers, inductors, and electronic logic control switches, the output power characteristics can be improved. The power density of TENG is also found to be higher when compared with other types of nanogenerators and low-frequency electromagnetic power generators. In the case of blue energy harvesting, efficient system integration with the power management module has to be considered. One of the key concerns of the nanogenerators in blue energy harvesting is their durability. Development of nanogenerators with long durability could be a challenge to researchers. Moreover, nanogenerators can be hybridized with other energy-harvesting devices like electromagnetic generators, solar PV systems, turbines, and energy storage units to increase the overall power conversion efficiency. The problem of higher temperature management in concentrated photovoltaic can be addressed by using pyroelectric nanogenerators. In the past decade, research and real-life applications of nanogenerators have grown exponentially; this shows that in the future, this technology could be widely commercialized. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.S.I. and C.A.V.; Writing the manuscript, S.S.I. and K.S.P.O.; Review and editing of the manuscript, S.S.I., C.A.V., S.R., and F.M. Funding: This research was funded by Taylor’s University through its TAYLOR’S Ph.D. SCHOLARSHIP Programme through grant TUFR/2017/001/01. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Taylor’s University through its TAYLOR’S Ph.D. SCHOLARSHIP Programme through grant TUFR/2017/001/01. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. BP Energy Economics. BP Energy Outlook, 2018 ed.; BP p.l.c.: London, UK, 2018. 2. Hu, Y.; Wang, Z.L. Recent progress in piezoelectric nanogenerators as a sustainable power source in self-powered systems and active sensors. Nano Energy 2014, 14, 3–14. [CrossRef] 3. Beeby, S.P.; Tudor, M.J.; White, N.M. Energy harvesting vibration sources for microsystems applications. Meas. Sci. Technol 2006, 17, 175–195. [CrossRef] 4. Batra, A.K.; Alomari, A. Ambient Energy Sources: Mechanical, Light, and Thermal. In Power Harvesting via Smart Materials; SPIE Press: Bellingham, WA, USA, 2017; pp. 1–15. ISBN 9781510608498. 5. Wang, Z.L. Self-Powered Nanotech. Sci. Am. 2008, 298, 82–87. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Schiffer, M.B. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2006; Volume 408. 7. Kagan, C.R.; Fernandez, L.E.; Gogotsi, Y.; Hammond, P.T.; Hersam, M.C.; Nel, A.E.; Penner, R.M.; Willson, C.G.; Weiss, P.S. Nano Day: Celebrating the Next Decade of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 9093–9103. [CrossRef] 8. Wang, Z.L. Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays. Science 2006, 312, 242–246. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 9. Kumar, B.; Kim, S.W. Energy harvesting based on semiconducting piezoelectric ZnO nanostructures. Nano Energy 2012, 1, 342–355. [CrossRef] 10. Askari, H.; Khajepour, A.; Khamesee, M.B.; Saadatnia, Z.; Wang, Z.L. Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators: Trends and impacts. Nano Today 2018, 22, 10–13. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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