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determine the economic production capacity of the coal formations. It is not necessary that production, gathering, or transportation facilities be installed or operative for a reservoir to be considered proved. Table 1 contains estimates of total and proved reserves for the major coal bed methane producing basins in the Western United States. In general, as more data becomes available and technology advances, the estimated recoverable reserves of CBM increase. Between 2002–2007, the estimated total United States reserves increased by 18 percent (%) based on historical data provided by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (USEIA). Table 1. CBM recoverable gas reserves and water quality Basin Cumulative Production (BCF)1 2008 Average Proved Water CBM Production Reserves (million (BCF)1 barrels)2 2,418 718 2,486 131 8,446 46 1,995 31 NA 0.30 Water to Gas Ratio (bbl/MCF)2 2.75 1.34 0.031 0.42 1.2 Powder River Raton 625 San Juan 13,147 Uinta 758 Piceance 41 2,314 NA – information not available 1 United States Energy Information Administration 2007; BCF = billion cubic feet. 2 National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Management and Effects of Coalbed Methane Development and Produced Water in the Western United States 2010; bbl/MCF = barrels per million cubic feet. 2.2 Produced Water Generation and Production 2.2.1 Conventional Oil and Gas On average, about 7 to 10 barrels, or 280 to 400 gallons, of water are produced for every barrel of crude oil. Formation water (or connate water) exists naturally in the porous aquifer with the hydrocarbons. Formation water generally reflects the water quality associated with the depositional environment for the reservoir— marine, brackish, or continental fresh water. Oil reservoirs commonly contain larger volumes of water then gas reservoirs. This is due to the higher compressibility and sorption capacity of gas. Gas is stored and produced from less porous reservoirs that contain source rock with a lower water capacity. Produced water generation commonly increases over time in conventional reservoirs as the oil and gas is depleted during hydrocarbon production. 5PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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