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Table 9. Constituent limits for irrigation water (adapted from Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1995) Constituent Aluminum (Al) Arsenic (As) Beryllium (Be) Boron (B) Cadmium (Cd) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Fluoride (F) Iron (Fe) Lead (Pb) Lithium (Li) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) Selenium (Se) Vanadium (V) Zinc (Zn) Long-term Use (mg/L) 5 0.1 0.1 0.75 0.01 0.1 0.05 0.2 1 5 5 2.5 0.2 0.01 0.2 0.02 0.1 2 Short-term Use (mg/L) 20 2 0.5 2 0.05 1 5 5 15 20 10 2.5 10 0.05 2 0.02 1 10 The quantity of water required to augment low stream flows is specific to the water body of application and the natural variations in water flow. For instance, creation of a perennial stream from a historically ephemeral stream using produced water flows may create an unsustainable ecosystem, because, as wells are abandoned, water sources will no longer be available. Over allocated water resources, where water taken from a surface body exceeds the flow or water sources where downstream users are in need of additional flow when available, are ideal situations for produced water augmentation. Produced water could be used to offset water use in surface bodies downstream from production, resulting in cheap transport of the water along a watershed and further dilution of the water through mixing with existing flow. Important parameters to consider for this water management technique include impacts of elevated flows, which may include adverse affects such as erosion, total quantity losses due to evaporation, and impacts on the ecosystem based on water quality and physicochemical characteristics. Physical characteristics of the water that have potential to impact the ecosystem and aquatic life in a surface water body include temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels resulting in high biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD). Depending on the species and application, water is expected to have DO levels from 3.0 to above 7.0 mg/L prior to discharge (Shaver 2007, #88). Additionally, salinity and 32PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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