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Figure 13. Major cations and anions for produced water. well. Using the databases, figure 14 was created to compare the salt makeup of individual conventional and unconventional wells. The salt types include sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate type, while sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and others are included in the category, “Other.” The salt type can reflect the formation environment as well as the system processes, such as the impacts of methanogenesis in CBM reservoirs. The dominant salt makeup of conventional produced water is mainly sodium chloride type. Sodium bicarbonate type exists for 4% of the conventional wells, but sodium bicarbonate type waters do not exceed the combined occurance of other salt types of which sodium sulfate and calcium chloride occur at 4 and 6%, respectively. The uncnventional CBM wells, alternatively, are made up primarily of sodium bicarbonate type waters at 82% and sodium chloride type waters at 17%. The occurance of produced water from unconventional CBM wells falling under the “Other” category is only 1%. Dominant salt types also are variable based on their geographic location. Dominant salt type charts are included for the Western United States basins in figure 15. Data was obtained from the USGS database for each basin. This figure depicts the percentage of wells within each basin of the USGS database that were 47PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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