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wells have lower overall TDS concentrations, the lack of calcium and magnesium in the cation makeup also suggest elevated SAR values in unconventional wells. To determine the impact of TDS on the SAR, SAR values were calculated for wells using the USGS database. These values were calculated by basin as, in conjunction with TDS; the SAR is also highly variable between basins. For the conventional basins included in figure 15, table 12 provides the median TDS and SAR values with the standard deviations for each basin. Large standard deviations in the data are a result of the variability associated with wells in each basin, while variations exist in TDS and SAR data for each basin may also be observed. Trends in SAR with respect to TDS are present at the higher TDS concentrations. At higher TDS concentrations (> 50,000 mg/L), the SAR increases with TDS concentration. For example the Williston basin in North Dakota has the highest average TDS concentration of the basins, while it also has the highest average SAR. This trend suggests that, at TDS above 50,000 mg/L, increases in TDS are caused by the sodium cation. TDS concentrations also can be significantly different between regions or States that are contained within the same basin. For example, wells in the South Dakota portion of the Williston basin have very low TDS concentrations compared to the North Dakota portion. Geographic location within the basin influences the produced water quality. This may be due to the presence of a recharge zone along outcrops, confined areas of formation water, or the transmission of fresh water into the hydrocarbon bearing formation (Rice and Nuccio 2000; Clearwater, Morris et al. 2002). Major inorganic constiuents identified in produced water include sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate. Barium and stronium also occur in produced water, although the concentration ranges can span from nondetect to elevated concentrations such as 850 mg/L for barium and 6,250 mg/L for strontium in conventional basins. Ranges of these prevalent inorganic constituents in produced water are presented in table 13 for conventional wells. CBM water traditionally has lower sulfate concentrations than conventional wells. Barium sulfate forms a sparingly soluble salt, controlled by the amount of barium or sulfate present in the water. Since the sulfate concentration in CBM wells is relatively low, the barium concentrations in the water can remain relatively high. The barium concentration in conventional produced water has a range of 0–850 mg/L (Fillo, Koraido et al. 1992). The COGCC database reports a barium range from 0.5–125 mg/L. This trend is consistent for other ions as well. For instance, maximum calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfate concentrations are one to two orders of magnitude lower in CBM wells than conventional wells. Due to lower TDS concentrations, unconventional wells tend to have lower concentrations of all major ions. 50PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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