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Table 13. Common inorganic constituents in conventional produced water Concentration Range Constituent TDS Sodium Chloride Barium Strontium Sulfate Bicarbonate Calcium Units Low mg/L 100 mg/L 0 mg/L 0 mg/L 0 mg/L 0 mg/L 0 mg/L 0 mg/L 0 High Median 400,000 50,000 150,000 9,400 250,000 29,000 850 Not Available 6,250 Not Available 15,000 500 15,000 400 74,000 1,500 Reference USGS produced water database USGS produced water database USGS produced water database Fillo 1992 Fillo 1992 USGS produced water database USGS produced water database USGS produced water database Inorganic chemical composition information can be represented graphically in the form of a Stiff diagram. A Stiff diagram plots the concentrations of major cations and anions of a water type. The diagrams in figure 16 represent cations on the right and anions on the left of the center axis. The distance of each point representing an ion type from the center access is the ions’ equivalent concentration. The points are connected to outline a chemical pattern. By comparing the shape of the outlined figure, water types can be compared easily in a visual manner. Note that the scales are different on the conventional and unconventional diagrams and the concentrations compared are in milliequivalents per liter (meq/L). Conventional 2,000 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 meq/L SO4 Mg + K HCO3 Ca Cl Na Unconventional Na 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 meq/L HCO3 Cl SO4 Mg + K Ca 52 Figure 16. Geochemical fingerprints of conventional and unconventional basins.PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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