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purpose of this report, the separated values can be found in table 1, natural gas produced water, and table 2, oilfield produced water, of that study. In general, concentrations of minor ions are greater in conventional than unconventional CBM wells. Exceptions include bicarbonate as well as chromium and silver, although limited data is available for chromium and silver in conventional wells. Marine influences from the depositional environment may include boron, bromide, and chloride due to elevated concentrations in the source water. Conventional produced waters reflect marine influences containing elevated chloride and bromide concentrations ranging from 80–200,000 mg/L and 150–1,149 mg/L, respectively. Minor ions generally originate from natural sources in the system such as prolonged contact with source rock or depositional environment characteristics, such as those marine water types. In addition to naturally occurring minor inorganic compounds, organic compounds and NORM also exist in produced water samples. These compounds also are naturally occurring and are significant in meeting regulations and treatment for use. The minor ions addressed in the following sections are attributes of the reservoir system, subsurface processes, and producing hydrocarbons. Byproducts of drilling or additives to aid in well production or completion are addressed in the section following NORM. 6.3 Organic Constituents This section focuses on an explanation and overview of organic constituents present in produced water. Produced water is removed from an inherently organic system, where carbon sources have been converted to hydrocarbons over geologic time. This section will focus on organic constituents present from natural processes. Organic matter in produced water exists in two forms: dispersed oil and non-hydrocarbon organic material. Dispersed oil is small, discrete droplets suspended in the water. Nonhydrocarbon organic material is dissolved in the water (Stephenson 1992). 6.3 Organic Constituents This section focuses on an explanation and overview of organic constituents present in produced water. Produced water is removed from an inherently organic system, where carbon sources have been converted to hydrocarbons over geologic time. This section will focus on organic constituents present from natural processes. Organic matter in produced water exists in two forms: dispersed oil and non-hydrocarbon organic material. Dispersed oil is small, discrete droplets suspended in the water. Nonhydrocarbon organic material is dissolved in the water (Stephenson 1992). 56PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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