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The amount and nature of soluble oil, or nonhydrocarbon organic materials in produced water is dependent on several factors: type of hydrocarbon being produced, volume of water production, artificial lift technique, and age of production. The only factor studied to any extent is the type of oil (paraffinic, asphaltenic, or gas condensate) (Stephenson 1992). Analysis of the organic content in produced water is complicated by interferences in the detection or measurement method. High inorganic content has been found to cause spectral interference and sample crystallization during the acid digestion process of metal analyses. Sample dilution is most often used to alleviate this problem. Total organic carbon (TOC) ranges from nondetect concentrations to almost 2,000 mg/L. TOC includes suspended carbon or carbon that is not dissolved. Suspended carbon could include oils or high carbon mass particles that can be removed by filtration. The chemical oxygen demand is a measure of the oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Due to the deep confined nature of produced water, reservoirs systems are anoxic, although oxidation may occur during pumping and transport if the water comes in contact with the atmosphere. COD is a reflection of this anoxic system, but it also indicates the high carbon content. Table 15 lists the concentration ranges of organic material commonly found in produced water from oil operations (Tibbetts, Buchanan et al. 1992). Insoluble carbon commonly identified as a part of total suspended solids (TSS) or total oil also is provided with concentrations in table 15. The total oil content in water generated from conventional crude oil extraction can range from 40– 2,000 ppm depending on the water retention time in the three-phase separator (no chemicals or additional separation equipment used to generate these figures). Generally, polar water soluble organics found in produced water are distributed between the low and midrange of carbon content. The factor that most controlled the total water soluble organic content in produced water was aqueous phase pH. This study, conducted with water from oil operations, found that salinity had the least affect on the chemical character or the carbon size of water soluble organics in produced water. Volatile compounds, compounds with low boiling points, include compounds such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and methane. These compounds likely are to be present at producing wells, but they also may be remnant as dissolved compounds in produced water. The organic components with the largest range of concentrations are the volatile fatty acids, which include acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Table 16 provides a breakdown of the volatile organics commonly found in produced water from natural gas extraction. These ranges of volatile organics were found in 75 to 80% of all gas produced water samples (Fillo, Koraido et al. 1992). Volatile organics concentrations were not reported for water from oil extraction, because the concentrations are typically low or not observed. Conversely, semivolatile organics are rarely found in gas produced water and are much more prevalent in oil produced water. Semivolatile organics concentrations were not reported for water from gas extraction, because the concentrations are typically low or not observed. 57PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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