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Figure 18 demonstrates the severity of radioactivity geographically by categorizing United States basins through comparing radioactive concentrations in oilfield equipment to natural background concentrations. The sampling indicated that gamma ray radiation levels exceeded natural background radiation levels at 42% percent of the sites. Along the gulf coast, in Texas, Illinois, and Kansas, radioactivity levels were found to be greater than five times the median background, and these elevated areas represented 10% of the study sites. Radon 226 and 228 were reported to range from 4.93–720 pCi/L and 22.2– 723 pCi/L in produced water outfalls in the Gulf of Mexico (Moatar, Shadizadeh et al. 2010). Pipe, casing, fittings, and tanks with prolonged contact with produced water were more likely to contain radioactive deposits than other parts of the plumbing system. Leakage or spills of produced water in the vicinity of production sites may affect soils. Radon (226+228) is regulated at a maximum concentration of 5 pCi/L in drinking water sources; therefore, most sources require treatment to lower levels in produced water to meet this standard. 6.5 Chemical Additives In addition to naturally occurring compounds mentioned in previous sections, chemical additives also are present in produced water. Chemical additives used in chemical treatments for produced water are commonly employed for problems such as hydrate formation, water vapor, mineral deposits, chemical corrosion, bacterial corrosion, emulsions, foaming, and paraffin. Table 17 contains a brief description of each problem encountered, sources of the issue, treatment chemicals, and concentrations. The data in table 17 is not comprehensive but provides a general background on chemical treatment compounds that may be present in produced water streams (Hayward Gordon Ltd.). 6.6 Beneficial Use Potential Given the information on water quality for produced water from oil and gas as well as unconventional gas wells, it is apparent the treatment is required to meet most beneficial use scenarios. The following sections provide information on applicable scenarios for beneficial use given produced water quality. The section compares standards mentioned previously in the report, section 5. This information is calculated based on database values and assimilated tables. Comparison to each scenario is based on untreated water quality. Specific technologies capable of meeting these beneficial use requirements are available in the following report section 8. Generalizing the TDS requirements for five particular beneficial uses allows for comparing database wells to the following TDS standards: drinking water 500 mg/L, ground water recharge 625 mg/L, surface water discharge 1,000 mg/L, 60PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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