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7.1 Organic, Particulate, and Microbial Inactivation/Removal Technologies Organic chemical and particulate removal is most often required as a pretreatment step when desalination technologies must be employed to treat produced water. The technologies considered in this assessment are as follows: biological aerated filter, hydrocyclone, dissolved air flotation, adsorption, media filtration, oxidation, settling ponds, air stripping, surfactant modified zeolites, constructed wetlands, granular activated carbon, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, and ceramic and polymeric micro- and ultrafiltration. The technologies were evaluated based on the whether they are an emerging technology or an established technology and whether they have previously employed for treatment of produced water. The size and type contaminants removed by the technology and the overall process recovery are presented. The technologies were then compared qualitatively based on the following criteria: chemical and energy requirements, maintenance requirements, ease of operation, cost, robustness, reliability, flexibility, mobility, modularity, volume of residuals generated, and the size of the plant or footprint. The qualitative technology assessment and comparison is presented in tabular format; see table 20. A very brief summary of the current status of the technologies listed in the table is provided below; however, for more detailed information on each technology, please refer to other sources. 7.1.1 Biological Aerated Filters The term biological aerated filter (BAF) refers to a class of technologies, including fixed film and attached growth processes, roughing filters, intermittent filters, packed bed media filters, and conventional trickling filters. A BAF consists of permeable media, such as rocks, gravel, or plastic media. The water to be treated flows downward over the media and, over time, generates a microbial film on the surface of the media. The media facilitates biochemical oxidation/removal of organic constituents. This is an aerobic process, and aerobic conditions are maintained by pumps and fans in the system. The thickness of the microbial layer continues to increase as the filter is used. Eventually, the microbial layer becomes thick enough that part of the slime layer becomes anaerobic and the microbial layer begins to slough off in the filter effluent (USEPA 1991). Media should have high a surface area per unit volume, be durable, and inexpensive. The type of media often is determined based on what materials are available at the site. Media can be field stone or gravel, and each stone should be between 1–four inches in diameter to generate a pore space that does not prohibit flow through the filter and will not clog when sloughing occurs (EPA 1980). BAF can remove oil, suspended solids, ammonia, and nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, iron, manganese, heavy metals, soluble 70PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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