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Henry’s Constant of the target contaminant. Scaling can occur when calcium exceeds 40 mg/L, iron exceeds 0.3 mg/L, magnesium exceeds 10 mg/L, and manganese exceeds 0.05 mg/L. Biological fouling also may occur depending on the feed water quality (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2001. Spray aerators dissipate water in a vertical or inclined angle breaking the water into small drops. Multiple-tray aerators use uniquely designed trays to increase the surface area for aeration. Cascade and cone aerators allow water to flow in a downward direction over a series of baffles or pans (AWWA 2005). There are two main types of pressure aerators—one that sprays water on top of a tank that is constantly supplied with compressed air and one that injects compressed air directly into a pressurized pipeline adding fine air bubbles into the flowing water (AWWA 2005). Diffusion type aerators are similar to pressure aerators but are designed to allow air bubbles to diffuse upward through the tank of water to help produce turbulence and mixing (AWWA 2005). Mechanical aerators use a motor driven impeller to achieve air mixing. Occasionally, it also is used in combination with an air injection device (AWWA). Air stripping is a proven and widely used technology, able to be a low profile addition to a treatment process, with a high contaminant removal efficiency (> 99% ) (U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, 2001). Air stripping systems must be properly designed to provide the proper air and water balance to prevent flooding or excess air flow (U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, 2001); scaling, and biological fouling may impact the performance of the air stripper. 7.1.9 Surfactant Modified Zeolite Vapor Phase Bioreactor Zeolites are naturally occurring hydrated aluminosilicates with a large surface area. Because of the natural shape and size of zeolites, they are suitable for flow through applications or media for fluidized beds. Treatment of zeolites with cationic surfactants changes the surface chemistry of the zeolites, allowing them to absorb nonpolar organic solutes. These materials also are capable of cation or anion exchange; however, their usefulness as a desalination technology is questionable. A substantial amount of research has been conducted on using surfactant modified zeolites for organic chemical removal from produced water. This research suggests that this process is a promising produced water treatment technology (Ranck, Bowman et al. ; Bowman 2003; Altare, Bowman et al. 2007). 77PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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