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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – The Organic Rankine Cycle: Thermodynamics, Applications and Optimization – Sylvain Quoilin and Vincent Lemort This chapter presents an overview of the current state of the art in the ORC technology and exposes the main target applications. The modeling of such a cycle is described and issues such as fluid selection, optimization or control of the cycle are thoroughly reviewed. 1. Introduction Over the last century, the world economical growth has accelerated dramatically. The industrial development, the increasing number of vehicles on the road and the multiplication of energy-consuming domestic equipments have caused an important growth of the energy demand. This demand has been mostly covered by a massive consumption of fossil fuels, causing many serious environmental problems, such as global warming or atmospheric pollution. An important number of new solutions have been proposed to generate electricity from alternative heat source, such as low-temperature or low-power heat sources. Among the proposed solutions, the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system is the most widely used. This system involves the same components as in a conventional steam power plant (a boiler, a work-producing expansion device, a condenser and a pump). However, the working fluid is an organic component characterized by a lower ebullition temperature than water and allowing power generation from low heat source temperatures. The success of the ORC technology can be partly explained by its modular feature: a similar ORC system can be used, with little modifications, in conjunction with various heat sources. This success was reinforced by the high technological maturity of most of its components, due to their extensive use in refrigeration applications. Moreover, unlike with conventional power cycles, local and small scale power generation is made possible by this technology. Today, Organic Rankine Cycles are commercially available in the MW power range. However very few solutions are actually suitable for the kW scale. This chapter presents an overview of the current state of the art in the ORC technology and exposes the main target applications. The modeling of such a cycle is described and issues such as fluid selection, optimization or control of the cycle are thoroughly reviewed. 2. Overview of Traditional Vapor Cycle Systems The traditional vapor cycle system uses water as working fluid. It was first developed as a “Steam Engine”, which is an open cycle: the water is compressed, vaporized, expanded and then rejected to the atmosphere. Nowadays, closed-loop cycles are preferred, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle, presented in Figure 1. In this cycle, the liquid water (point 6) is pressurized (6-1), then heated up to the evaporation temperature (1-2), vaporized (2-3), and superheated (3-4). ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERSPDF Image | ORC THERMODYNAMICS, APPLICATIONS AND OPTIMIZATION
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