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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – The Organic Rankine Cycle: Thermodynamics, Applications and Optimization – Sylvain Quoilin and Vincent Lemort The mechanical work is produced in the turbine by expanding the high pressure vapor down to the condensing pressure. The cycle is finally closed by re-condensing the low pressure vapor (5-6). Figure 1. Working principle of a Clausius-Rankine cycle This cycle can be presented in various thermodynamic diagrams, such p-h, T-s or p-v. In this chapter, the T-s diagram will be used since it is the one that represents best the irreversibilities in the heat exchangers and in the turbine (Figure 2). The different phases of the cycle can be described as follows: • 6-1: Compression of the liquid in the pump. Points 1 and 6 almost coincide on the T-s diagram: if the fluid is not compressible and if the pump is isentropic, there is no increase in entropy and the temperature remains constant. • 1-2: Liquid preheating. In the ideal cycle, this transformation is isobaric. Temperature and entropy are increased • 2-3: Vaporization: The liquid has reached its saturation temperature and start boiling. The temperature is constant, the entropy increases. • 3-4: Superheating: The vapor is superheated in the boiler. The temperature and the entropy increase. • 4-5: Expansion: In the ideal cycle, the expansion is isentropic (i.e. the line 4-5 is vertical). In the real cycle irreversibilities are generated and increase the entropy. • 5-6: Condensation: at the end of the expansion, the vapor starts condensing, until there is only liquid remaining. The temperature is constant, the entropy decreases. In general, the compression of a liquid consumes much less energy than that of a gas. In the Rankine Cycle, the pump consumption is therefore much smaller than the electricity generated by the turbine and the net power generation is positive. The efficiency of the cycle is given by the net output power divided by the heat flow provided in the boiler: For the basic cycle presented in Figure 1 and 2, the efficiency is typically close to 30 % ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERSPDF Image | ORC THERMODYNAMICS, APPLICATIONS AND OPTIMIZATION
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