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This paper deals with opportunities and recent trends in the development of organic Rankine cycles. II. PRINCIPLES, MODELING AND PERFORMANCE expansion device is capable of handling wet fluid without any damage. Sub, super and tri-types operations are displayed in Fig. 2 and sample of ORC machine shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. View of an ORC machine The cycle is frequently modeled by a simple set of equations as given here [3, 5]: The mechanical power produced by the cycle: Fig. 1. Schematic of an ORC A Rankine cycle is made up of four main components as shown in Fig. 1: evaporator, expander, condenser and a pump [1-6]. The working fluid acquires heat in the evaporator (4-1), expands in the turbine (1-2), rejects heats in the condenser (2- 3) and is finally pumped back in the evaporator by a pump (3- 4). A heat exchanger can be inserted in the cycle for more efficient operation; this is of interest when the expansion process ends with vapor containing excess heat. Heat resource may appear in the form of hot liquid/gas and the cycle is air or water cooled. Thermal energy is transferred to the cycle directly or indirectly using an oil loop. . P mORC [(h h ) (h h )] (1) mech 1243 The heat flow input to cycle: ... Q mORC(hh)mHSc(TT) (2) ORC 4 1 The cycle efficiency: p s exit . P /Q (3) ORC mech ORC hj (j=1-4) is the specific enthalpy, mORC is the mass flow of the working fluid, mHS the mass flow of the heat carrier, Ts is the inlet temperature, Texit the exit temperature, and cp the specific heat of the heat source medium. A complex model will comprise a three-region model for the heat exchangers (plate HX, tubular...), a detailed model of expansion machine (axial, radial, piston, scroll, screw...) and a model for the fluid pump (vane, lobe, centrifugal, diaphragm...) [4]. This is necessary especially to study the part load or the dynamic behavior of the system. Fig. 2. Types of cycles An important parameter for the design of the cycle is the critical temperature of the working fluid which determines the type of operation and the cycle performance/cost [3, 4]. Usually, the cycle operates below the critical temperature (subcritical) in opposite to that which operates above the critical point (supercritical cycle). The supercritical cycle theoretically, has the advantage of operating at higher efficiency thank to the lower power input required for the pump and better matching of the fluid streams in the heat exchangers. Triangular operation occurs when the fluid expands in the two-phase region. This arises when the 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Carnot efficiency 50% Carnot efficiency Condensing Temp. = 25 oC 297 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Evaporating Temperature (oC) Fig. 4. Cycle efficiency Considering the hot and cold sinks with temperature Th and Tc, respectively, the Carnot efficiency of the cycle is given by: Efficiency (%)PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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