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did significantly increase the dissipated power. Since onset of streamer formation is associated with maximum thrust and increased power dissipation, this will be referred to as the actuator’s ―saturation condition‖. It becomes apparent that in order to achieve increased actuator authority it is necessary to operate the actuators at higher AC voltages without incurring the onset of streamer formation. In an effort to increase the maximum achievable thrust, dielectric barrier materials with a high dielectric strength and dielectric constant comparable to Kapton (ε= 3.9) but of greater thickness were tried. In particular, experiments were performed with actuators using quartz, Teflon, Delrin and Macor ceramic (with dielectric constants of ε = 4.3, 2.0, 3.7, and 6.0, respectively. In each case the AC frequency was optimized for the actuator and is shown in the legend. The effect of frequency will be discussed later in part B. As was the case for the Kapton actuator, the thrust curves terminate at the AC voltage associated with onset of saturation. It is apparent from this figure that the use of these dielectric materials at the indicated thicknesses results in a very significant increase in body force. the Teflon-based actuator with the thicker dielectric achieves higher saturation voltage and thrust. In fact, by using 6.35 mm Teflon as the dielectric an order-of-magnitude improvement in body force over Kapton-based plasma actuators is achieved. 6.4.Effect of AC Frequency In this section the effect of the applied AC frequency on the maximum saturation voltage (and thrust) produced by the actuator is examined. For these experiments an actuator utilizing 6.35 mm thick quartz as the dielectric barrier was used. The measured actuator thrust per unit span as a function of actuator peak-to-peak voltage for a range of actuation frequencies. For the 2 kHz case, results for both sinusoidal and positive ramp waveforms are presented. For the sinusoidal waveform, the saturation thrust corresponding to onset of saturation is apparent at each selected frequency. A dashed curve connecting the saturation thrust at each frequency for the sinusoidal waveform and exhibits an approximately linear variation with applied peak-to-peak voltage. It is clear from that increased saturation thrust is associated with operation of the actuator at lower AC frequencies.For the 2 kHz case, the saturation thrust reached by the actuator with a positive ramp waveform is nearly twice as high as with a sinusoidal waveform at the same frequency. This is consistent with previous actuator 29PDF Image | PLASMA FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MULTI-SCALE STRUCTURES
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