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Produced Water White Paper v Executive Summary Produced water is water trapped in underground formations that is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. It is by far the largest volume byproduct or waste stream associated with oil and gas production. Management of produced water presents challenges and costs to operators. This white paper is intended to provide basic information on many aspects of produced water, including its constituents, how much of it is generated, how it is managed and regulated in different settings, and the cost of its management. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the white paper and explains that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is interested in produced water and desires an up-to-date document that covers many aspects of produced water. If DOE elects to develop future research programs or policy initiatives dealing with various aspects of produced water, this white paper can serve as a baseline of knowledge for the year 2003. Chapter 2 discusses the chemical and physical characteristics of produced water, where it is produced, and its potential impacts on the environment and on oil and gas operations. Produced water characteristics and physical properties vary considerably depending on the geographic location of the field, the geological formation with which the produced water has been in contact for thousands of years, and the type of hydrocarbon product being produced. Produced water properties and volume can even vary throughout the lifetime of the reservoir. Oil and grease are the constituents of produced water that receive the most attention in both onshore and offshore operations, while salt content (expressed as salinity, conductivity, or total dissolved solids [TDS]) is also a primary constituent of concern in onshore operations. In addition, produced water contains many organic and inorganic compounds that can lead to toxicity. Some of these are naturally occurring in the produced water while others are related to chemicals that have been added for well-control purposes. These vary greatly from location to location and even over time in the same well. The white paper evaluates produced water from oil production, conventional natural gas production, and coal bed methane production. The many chemical constituents found in produced water, when present either individually or collectively in high concentrations, can present a threat to aquatic life when they are discharged or to crops when the water is used for irrigation. Produced water can have different potential impacts depending on where it is discharged. For example, discharges to small streams are likely to have a larger environmental impact than discharges made to the open ocean by virtue of the dilution that takes place following discharge. Regulatory agencies have recognized the potential impacts that produced water discharges can have on the environment and have prohibited discharges in most onshore or near-shore locations. Chapter 3 provides information on the volume of produced water generated. According to the American Petroleum Institute (API), about 18 billion barrels (bbl) of produced water was generated by U.S. onshore operations in 1995 (API 2000). Additional large volumes of produced water are generated at U.S. offshore wells and at thousands of wells in other countries. Khatib and Verbeek (2003) estimate that for 1999, an average of 210PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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