PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 013
Produced Water White Paper 5 platforms in that area have pH levels of 6-7.7, while those from gas platforms are more acidic (about 3.5-5.5). Chloride concentrations range from about 12 to 100 g/L in produced water associated with crude oil production and from less than 1 to 189 g/L in produced waters associated with natural gas production. 2.1.3 Produced Water from Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Production CBM produced waters differ from conventional oil and gas produced waters in the way they are generated, their composition, and their potential impact on receiving environments. Beneath the earth’s surface, methane is adsorbed onto the crystal surfaces of coal due to the hydrostatic pressure of the water contained in the coal beds. For the methane to be removed from the crystalline structure of the coal, the hydrostatic head, or reservoir pressure, in the coal seam must be reduced. CBM produced water is generated when the water that permeates the coal beds that contain the methane is removed. In contrast to conventional oil and gas production, the produced water from a CBM well comes in large volumes in the early stages of production; as the amount of water in the coal decreases, the amount of methane production increases. CBM produced water is reinjected or treated and discharged to the surface. The quality of CBM produced water varies with the original depositional environment, depth of burial, and coal type (Jackson and Myers 2002), and it varies significantly across production areas. As CBM production increases and more water is produced, concern about the disposition of these waters on the receiving environment is increasing, since uncertainties abound regarding the impact of these waters, as regulators and operators try to ensure protection of the environment. CBM constituent data are growing, and many states maintain files with produced water data. Sources include the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, the Groundwater Information Center at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Utah Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining, and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. In addition, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Produced Waters Database contains data on the composition of produced water and general characteristics of the volume of water produced from specific petroleum- producing provinces in the United States (Breit et al. 1998). The data were originally compiled by DOE and the Bureau of Mines, and the USGS has reviewed, verified, and evaluated the reliability and quality of the data. However, information on the actual impacts of CBM discharges — which depend not only on produced water characteristics, but also on the characteristics of the receiving environment — are not well understood. 2.2 Specific Produced Water Constituents and Their Significance This section describes constituents typically found in produced waters, and, to the extent that information is available, why they are of concern. Constituents typically associated with produced waters from conventional oil and gas production are described first, followed by those associated with CBM produced waters.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
PDF Search Title:
Produced Water from Production of Crude OilOriginal File Name Searched:
ProducedWatersWP0401.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |