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Produced Water White Paper 6 2.2.1 Constituents in Produced Waters from Conventional Oil and Gas Production Organic constituents are normally either dispersed or dissolved in produced water and include oil and grease and a number of dissolved compounds. 2.2.1.1 Dispersed Oil Oil is an important discharge contaminant, because it can create potentially toxic effects near the discharge point. Dispersed oil consists of small droplets suspended in the aqueous phase. If the dispersed oil contacts the ocean floor, contamination and accumulation of oil on ocean sediments may occur, which can disturb the benthic community. Dispersed oils can also rise to the surface and spread, causing sheening and increased biological oxygen demand near the mixing zone (Stephenson 1992). Factors that affect the concentration of dispersed oil in produced water include oil density, interfacial tension between oil and water phases, type and efficiency of chemical treatment, and type, size, and efficiency of the physical separation equipment (Ali et al. 1999). Soluble organics and treatment chemicals in produced water decrease the interfacial tension between oil and water. Water movement caused by vertical mixing, tides, currents, and waves can affect the accumulation cycle. Also, because precipitated droplets are often 4 6 microns in size, and current treatment systems typically cannot remove droplets smaller than 10 microns, the small droplets can interfere with water processing operations (Bansal and Caudle 1999). 2.2.1.2 Dissolved or Soluble Organic Components Deep-water crude has a large polar constituent, which increases the amount of dissolved hydrocarbons in produced water. Temperature and pH can affect the solubility of organic compounds (McFarlane et al. 2002). Hydrocarbons that occur naturally in produced water include organic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, and volatiles. These hydrocarbons are likely contributors to produced water toxicity, and their toxicities are additive, so that although individually the toxicities may be insignificant, when combined, aquatic toxicity can occur (Glickman 1998). Soluble organics are not easily removed from produced water and therefore are typically discharged to the ocean or reinjected at onshore locations. Generally, the concentration of organic compounds in produced water increases as the molecular weight of the compound decreases. The lighter weight compounds (BTEX and naphthalene) are less influenced by the efficiency of the oil/water separation process than the higher molecular weight PAHs (Utvik 2003) and are not measured by the oil and grease analytical method. Volatile hydrocarbons can occur naturally in produced water. Concentrations of these compounds are usually higher in produced water from gas-condensate-producing platforms than in produced water from oil-producing platforms (Utvik 2003). Organic components that are very soluble in produced water consist of low molecular weight (C2-C5) carboxylic acids (fatty acids), ketones, and alcohols. They include aceticPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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