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Produced Water White Paper 11 about 3,000 mg/L. Also, water with high metals contents can stain faucets and drains. Water used by municipalities with treatment systems may have some of the harmful constituents removed or their concentrations reduced by existing processes in those treatment systems (ALL 2003). 2.3 Impacts of Produced Water Discharges The previous sections outline the many chemical constituents found in produced water. These chemicals, either individually or collectively, when present in high concentrations, can present a threat to aquatic life when they are discharged or to crops when the water is used for irrigation. Produced water can have different potential impacts depending on where it is discharged. For example, discharges to small streams are likely to have a larger environmental impact than discharges made to the open ocean by virtue of the dilution that takes place following discharge. Numerous variables determine the actual impacts of produced water discharge. These include the physical and chemical properties of the constituents, temperature, content of dissolved organic material, humic acids, presence of other organic contaminants, and internal factors such as metabolism, fat content, reproductive state, and feeding behavior (Frost et al. 1998). The following sections discuss the potential impact based on where the discharges occur and the type of produced water. 2.3.1 Impacts of Discharging Produced Water in Marine Environment Impacts are related to the exposure of organisms to concentrations of various chemicals. Factors that affect the amount of produced water constituents and their concentrations in seawater, and therefore their potential for impact on aquatic organisms, include the following (Georgie et al. 2001): - Dilution of the discharge into the receiving environment, - Instantaneous and long-term precipitation, - Volatilization of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, - Physical-chemical reactions with other chemical species present in seawater that may affect the concentration of produced water components, - Adsorption onto particulate matter, and - Biodegradation of organic compounds into other simpler compounds. Within the marine environment, it is necessary to distinguish between shallow, poorly flushed coastal areas and the open ocean. For coastal operations, the receiving environments can include shallow, nearshore areas, marshes, and areas with moderately flushed waters. Numerous studies have been conducted on the fate and effects ofPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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