PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 018
Produced Water White Paper 10 potential concern are salinity, sodicity, and toxicity from various metals. This is discussed further in Chapter 5. 2.2.2.1 Salinity Salinity refers to the amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) in the water and is frequently measured by electrical conductivity (EC), because ions dissolved in water conduct electricity and actual TDS analyses are expensive to conduct. Waters with higher TDS concentrations will be relatively conductive. TDS is measured in parts per million or mg/L and EC is measured in micro-Siemens per centimeter (μS/cm). Irrigation waters that are high in TDS can reduce the availability of water for plant use, diminish the ability of plant roots to incorporate water, and reduce crop yield. Studies have identified the tolerance of various crops to salinity (Horpestad et al. 2001). EC levels of more than 3,000 μS/cm are considered saline (ALL 2003). However, determining salinity threshold values depends on additional factors such as the leaching fraction. Thus, salinity threshold values of 1,000 μS/cm have been calculated for the Tongue and Little Bighorn Rivers and Rosebud Creek, while salinity thresholds of 2,000 μS/cm have been determined for the Powder and Little Powder Rivers and Mizpah Creek (Horpestad et al. 2001). 2.2.2.2 Sodicity Sodicity refers to the amount of sodium in the soil. Irrigation water with excess amounts of sodium can adversely impact soil structure and plant growth. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is the standard measure of sodicity. It is a calculated parameter that relates the concentration of sodium to the sum of the concentrations of calcium and magnesium. The higher the SAR, the greater the potential for reduced permeability, which reduces infiltration, reduces hydraulic conductivity, and causes surface crusting. Irrigation waters with SAR levels greater than 12 are considered sodic (ALL 2003). 2.2.2.3 Other Constituents Also important for determining the suitability of CBM produced water for irrigation are the concentrations of iron, manganese, and boron, which are often found in CBM produced water (ALL 2003). Table 2-2 shows concentration ranges of several constituents in CBM produced waters in the Powder River Basin. Besides crops, CBM produced waters may also affect native riparian and wetlands plants. The SAR thresholds developed to protect irrigation uses, which apply seasonally, may or may not protect the riparian uses, which are continually exposed to water. Because of the lack of data and the site-specific nature of these potential impacts, specific threshold values for protecting riparian plant communities have not been developed. In some cases, CBM may be considered for domestic supplies and drinking water. However, CBM produced waters from coal seams that are greater than 200 feet in depth often have water that exceeds salinity levels appropriate for domestic uses. This level isPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
PDF Search Title:
Produced Water from Production of Crude OilOriginal File Name Searched:
ProducedWatersWP0401.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |