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Produced Water White Paper 13 water at the concentrations that exist over the exposure times found in the environment (Cline 1998). 2.3.1.2 Chronic Toxicity Most of the EPA permits for offshore oil and gas operations require chronic toxicity testing. The results of this testing do not indicate any significant toxicity problem in U.S. waters. Some of the North Sea nations have focused their attention more heavily on the combined impact of many chemical constituents and have followed a different approach to produced water control. As an example, Johnsen (2003) and Johnsen et al. (2000) report on the various programs used in Norway to promote “zero environmental harmful discharges.” The latest in a series of developments is the environmental impact factor (EIF), which employs a risk-based approach to compare the predicted environmental concentration for each constituent with the predicted no-effect concentration. The EIF can be calculated using the Dose-related Risk and Effect Assessment Model (DREAM). This approach involves a great deal of quantitative work to evaluate each discharge. However, since there are relatively few offshore discharges in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, this approach is viable there. In contrast, several thousand offshore discharges occur in the Gulf of Mexico, and such an approach would probably not be workable here. The Gulf of Mexico approach of chronic toxicity testing with limits provides acceptable controls. 2.3.2 Impacts of Discharging CBM Produced Waters In areas where CBM produced waters have dissolved constituents that are greater than those in the receiving water, stream water quality impacts are possible. The impacts of CBM produced water have not been studied to the same extent as those of conventional oil and gas produced waters. However, potential water quality impacts of CBM produced waters include the following: - Surface discharges of CBM produced water can cause the infiltration of produced water contaminants to drinking water supplies or sub-irrigation supplies. - Surface waters and riparian zones can be altered as a result of CBM constituents. Here, the specific ionic composition is a greater determinant than total ion concentration (EPA 2001). - New plant species may take over from native plants as a result of changes in soils resulting from contact with CBM produced water. - Salt-tolerant aquatic habitats in ponded waters and surface reservoirs may increase. - Local environments can be altered as a result of excess soluble salts, which can cause plants to dehydrate and die. The impacts of salinity on the environment arePDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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