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Produced Water White Paper 17 3 Produced Water Volumes In the United States, produced water comprises approximately 98% of the total volume of exploration and production (E&P) waste generated by the oil and gas industry and is the largest volume waste stream generated by the oil and gas industry. According to the American Petroleum Institute (API), about 18 billion barrels (bbl) of produced water was generated by U.S. onshore operations in 1995 (API 2000). Additional large volumes of produced water are generated at U.S. offshore wells and at thousands of wells in other countries. Khatib and Verbeek (2003) estimate that, in 1999, an average of 210 million bbl of water was produced each day worldwide. This volume represents about 77 billion bbl of produced water for the entire year. Natural gas wells typically produce much lower volumes of water than oil wells, with the exception of certain types of gas resources such as CBM or Devonian/Antrim shales. Within the Powder River Basin, the CBM produced water volume increased almost seven-fold during the period of 1998 through 2001 to more than 1.4 million bbl/day. Between 1999 and 2001, the volume of water produced per well dropped from 396 bbl/day to 177 bbl/day (Advanced Resources 2002). However, as discussed below, these differences in the produced water volumes are to be expected because of how the CBM is produced. 3.1 Water-to-Oil Ratio Lee et al. (2002) report that U.S. wells produce an average of more than 7 bbl of water for each barrel of oil. API’s produced water surveys in 1985 and 1995 (see Table 3-1) also demonstrated that the volume of water produced increases with the age of the crude oil production. In these surveys, API had calculated a water-to-oil ratio of approximately 7.5 barrels of water for each barrel of oil produced. For the survey of 2002 production prepared for this white paper, the water-to-oil ratio was calculated to have increased to approximately 9.5. For crude oil wells nearing the end of their productive lives, Weideman (1996) reports that water can compromise as much as 98% of the material brought to the surface. In these stripper wells, the amount of water produced can be 10 to 20 bbl for each barrel of crude oil produced. Wells elsewhere in the world average 3 bbl of water for each barrel of oil (Khatib and Verbeek 2003). The volume of produced water from oil and gas wells does not remain constant over time. The water-to-oil ratio increases over the life of a conventional oil or gas well. For such wells, water makes up a small percentage of produced fluids when the well is new. Over time, the percentage of water increases and the percentage of petroleum product declines. For example, Khatib and Verbeek (2003) report that water production from several of Shell’s operating units has increased from 2.1 million bbl per day in 1990 to more than 6 million bbl per day in 2002. At some point, the cost of managing the water becomes so high that the well is no longer profitable. In contrast, production of CBM, a growing source of natural gas in North America, follows a different pattern. CBM is produced by drilling into coal seams and pumpingPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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