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Produced Water White Paper 18 off the water as quickly as possible to lower the hydrostatic pressure in the seam. This allows the methane trapped in the coal to move to the well bore, where it can be collected. The water production cycle for CBM starts out high as the hydrostatic pressure is reduced in the coal seam and gradually declines. Methane production starts low, then rises after water production peaks and declines. 3.2 Factors Affecting Produced Water Production and Volume A discussion of the factors affecting produced water production is important because of the economic burden that it places on oil and gas operators. Produced water is an inextricable part of the hydrocarbon recovery process (Khatib and Verbeek 2003), so if an operator cannot optimize water management, a valuable resource may be lost or diminished. Management of produced water is a key issue because of its sheer volume and its high handling cost. In addition, even though produced water is naturally occurring, its potential environmental impacts could be substantial if not properly managed. The following factors can affect the volume of produced water during the life cycle of a well (Reynolds and Kiker 2003). This is not intended to be an all-inclusive list but merely a demonstration of the potential impacts. - Type of well drilled – A horizontal well can produce at higher rates than a vertical well with a similar drawdown or can produce at similar rates with a lower drawdown, thus delaying the entry of water into the well bore in a bottom water drive reservoir. - Location of well within reservoir structure – An improperly drilled well or one that has been improperly located within the reservoir structure could result in earlier than anticipated water production. - Type of completion – A perforated completion offers a greater degree of control in the hydrocarbon-producing zone. Specific intervals can either be targeted for increased hydrocarbon production or avoided or plugged to minimize water production. - Type of water separation and treatment facilities – Historically, surface separation and treatment facilities have been used for produced water management. However, this type of operation involves lifting costs to get the water to the surface as well as equipment and chemical costs for treatment of the water. Once on the surface, introduction of oxygen into the produced water treatment environment requires that corrosion and microbial issues be addressed. Alternatives to surface treatment could be downhole separation equipment that allows the produced water to remain downhole, thereby avoiding some of the lifting, surface facility, and corrosion costs and issues. - Water flooding for enhanced oil recovery – The basic purpose of water flooding is to put water in the reservoir where the oil is located so that it will be driven to a producing well. As the water flood front reaches a producing well, the volume of produced water will be greatly increased. In many instances, it is advantageous to shut inPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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