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Produced Water White Paper 20 - Treatment and discharge (under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System [NPDES] program), - Evaporation and percolation ponds, - Beneficial uses such as irrigation, livestock/wildlife watering, and industrial, - Injection into aquifer storage and recovery wells (domestic use), - Land application, and - Roadspreading. Although the states do regulate the management of produced water under this set of techniques, the volumes are typically not recorded in a single location for easy tracking. With the advent of major CBM developments during the recent decade, it was also difficult to distinguish between produced water volumes from conventional oil and gas production operations versus CBM operations. Because of the differences between conventional and CBM operations and the limitations placed on the preparation of this report, the produced water volumes documented in this report may be somewhat distorted because of how the estimates were made for those states that did not provide data. API (1988 and 2000) had similar data collection issues when it conducted a survey of the oil and gas industry to gather information about E&P wastes in 1985 and then again for its 1995 update. As a result, API was forced to conduct a statistical survey to gather the E&P waste data (including produced water volume) that it needed for its study. These studies examined the volume of produced water and other wastes generated as a result of oil and gas E&P in the U.S. and how those wastes were managed and disposed of. Due to the differences between onshore and offshore management of produced water (i.e., injection versus discharge), the API studies are focused on the onshore area. Currently, the vast majority of produced water generated at OCS locations is discharged overboard in accordance with NPDES discharge permits. For this report, an update of the volume figures was prepared for produced water generated in the year 2002 (see Table 3-1). For those states that did not have data available, estimates were prepared based on the average water-to-oil ratios that were calculated for each applicable state from the 1985 and 1995 API studies. Table 3-2 shows crude oil production by state and is provided to aid in the calculation of these average water-to-oil ratios so that the produced water volumes could be estimated for each state that did not provide this data. Table 3-1 provides a summary of the onshore produced water volumes for 1985, 1995, and 2002. The 1985 and 1995 data were taken from the API surveys while the 2002 numbers were obtained directly from the applicable state oil and gas agencies or their websites. If numbers were not available from the state agency or website, an estimatedPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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