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Produced Water White Paper 35 1422 of the SDWA. A state could have full delegation of the UIC program and have one portion for oil and gas injection wells approved under Section 1425 and another for the other types of wells under Section 1422 of the SDWA. Because the Section 1425 approval route offers greater flexibility, most states have obtained UIC primacy in this manner. The EPA’s website reports that the Agency has approved program primacy for all well classes in 34 states, that it shares responsibility in six states, and that it directly implements the program for all well classes in 10 states. The Agency provides grant funds to all delegated programs to help pay for program costs. States must provide a 25% match on EPA funds (EPA 2003). 4.3.1 Federal UIC Program The application, construction, operating, monitoring, and reporting requirements for Class II wells are found in 40 CFR 144 and 146. Some key features of the EPA’s federal regulations are highlighted below. All Class II-D wells existing on the effective date of the UIC program implementation were required to apply for a permit during the first years (40 CFR §144.21). Class II-R wells existing at the effective date of the UIC program implementation maintain rule authorization for the life of the well, if the owner/operator complies with the regulations governing rule authorization (40 CFR §144.22). Every new Class II-D and Class II-R well must be permitted prior to construction or injection. The owner/operator must file a permit application with the UIC Director containing the specific information listed in 40 CFR Part 146 (Kobelski 2003). 4.3.1.1 Area of Review (40 CFR § 144.55 & 146.6) Applicants for new Class II injection well permits must identify the location of all known wells within the injection well’s area of review (AOR) that penetrate the injection zone, or in the case of Class II wells operating over the fracture pressure of the injection formation, all known wells within AOR penetrating formations affected by the increase in pressure. If the review of the available completion and plugging records for all wells within the AOR yields conditions or pathways suggesting the potential for migration of formation or injection fluids out of the injection zone, corrective or preventive action must be taken before using the injection well. The AOR analysis allows the permitting authorities to determine whether a proposed injection has the potential to contaminate USDWs through wells, faults, or other pathways penetrating the injection zone. For permit applications, the AOR is referenced through computing the zone of endangering influence or through determining a fixed radius of at least one quarter of a mile. 4.3.1.2 Mechanical Integrity (40 CFR §§146.8 & 146.23(b)(3)) Owners/operators must demonstrate the internal and external integrity of their injection wells. This includes the absence of significant leakage in the casing, tubing, or packer ofPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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