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Produced Water White Paper 43 Although they help to avoid production of water and its associated environmental impacts, they are generally considered to be in the realm of reservoir and production engineering activities rather than environmental management tools. 5.1.1 Options for Keeping Water from the Wells 5.1.1.1 Mechanical Blocking Devices Operators have used various mechanical and well construction techniques to block water from entering the well. Seright et al. (2001) offer several examples of these techniques: - Straddle packers, - Bridge plugs, - Tubing patches, - Cement, - Well bore sand plugs, - Well abandonment, - Infill drilling, - Pattern flow control, and - Horizontal wells. These have been used for many years, but do not work well in all applications. Operators often do not put forth the time or expense to diagnose the cause of their overabundant water. Consequently, incorrect solutions are not uncommon. For example, Seright et al. (2001) identify 13 types of events that lead to excess water; these are divided into four categories of most viable remedies. Seright et al. (2001) recommend that mechanical approaches can be used to block casing leaks or flow behind pipe without flow restrictions and unfractured wells with barriers to cross flow. Those approaches may not be effective in solving other types of water production problems. 5.1.1.2 Water Shut-Off Chemicals Another approach to shutting off water production while allowing continued production of oil involves the use of chemicals that are injected into the formation. In its most basic sense, the process of waste minimization would not generally support introduction of new chemicals into the ground. In this case, however, the chemicals are introduced deep in the earth where they are unlikely to affect the biosphere, and they have a net beneficial impact. Therefore, this option is included under the water management options discussion. Most of these products are polymer gels or their pre-gel forms (gelants). Gel solutions selectively enter the cracks and pathways that the water follows and displace the water. When the gels set up in the cracks, they block most of the water movement to the well while allowing oil to flow to the well. Many different types of gels can be prepared, depending on the specific type of water flow that is being targeted. Thomas et al. (2000), Mack (2003), Seright et al. (2001) and Green et al. (2001) offer thoughts on the keyPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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