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Produced Water White Paper 50 operation. Historically, freshwater sources have been used for this purpose. However, due to the increasing scarcity of this resource, other brines or water sources are now typically used in lieu of freshwater resources. 5.2.1.1 Examples of Produced Water Use for Increasing Recovery Significant volumes of produced water are injected in the United States. Recent data, summarized below, were collected through interviews with staff from three state oil and gas agencies. Note that the volume estimates reported here vary somewhat from the volume estimates shown in Table 3-1 for these three states. Table 3-1 data are based on a later round of interviews, and may have involved different state officials. We have not been able to rectify the difference between the values. Although this section of the white paper focuses on reuse, the volume of water injected for disposal in the three states is included in the same discussions for the sake of comparison. The ratio of produced water volume injected for water and steam flooding to the volume injected for disposal ranges from 1.8:1 to 4.0:1 for these three states. California: California has nearly 25,000 produced water injection wells. The annual injected volume is approximately 1.8 billion bbl, distributed as follows: disposal wells – 360 million bbl; water flood – 900 million bbl; and steam flood – 560 million bbl (Stettner 2003a). New Mexico: As of February 2003, New Mexico has 903 permitted disposal wells, with 264 of them active. It has an additional 5,036 wells permitted for enhanced recovery, with 4,330 of those active. The approximate volume of produced water injected for disposal is 190 million bbl, and the volume injected for enhanced recovery is about 350 million bbl (Stone 2003). Texas: As of February 2003, Texas has 11,988 permitted disposal wells, with 7,405 of them active. It has an additional 38,540 wells permitted for enhanced recovery, with 25,204 of those active. The approximate volume of produced water injected in 2000 (there were similar well counts in 2000 and 2003) was 1.2 billion bbl disposed into nonproducing formations, 1 billion bbl disposed into producing formations, and 5.3 billion bbl injected for enhanced recovery (Ginn 2003). 5.2.2 Injection for Future Use Some types of produced water are relatively fresh and can be used directly with little or no treatment. This is particularly true for produced water from some CBM fields. This water may be used immediately for beneficial reuse or it can be injected into an aquifer where it can be recovered for later use. This process is known as aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). The EPA treats ASR wells as Class V injection wells. In a 1999 survey, the EPA identified at least 130 ASR wells in use throughout the country (EPA 1999), although these were not injecting produced water. ALL (2003) suggests that ASRPDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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