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Produced Water White Paper 56 Occasionally disposal of untreated produced water is possible. In most cases, however, it is necessary to treat the produced water first. The type and extent of treatment are determined by a variety of factors: - Where the water is going (e.g., freshwater surface water body, ocean, ground), - The applicable regulatory requirements and allowable options, - The cost to transport and treat the water, - Site-specific factors (e.g., climate, availability of infrastructure), - The potential for long-term liability, and - A company’s familiarity with or preference for specific options. The remainder of this section describes different types of injection and discharge situations and the treatment technologies that are typically used before the produced water can be disposed of in those ways. 5.3.1 Separation of Oil, Gas, and Water When reservoir fluids are produced to the surface, it is first necessary to segregate the oil, gas, and water into separate streams to maximize salable product. This is typically accomplished by gravity separation in a horizontal or vertical separator. A common type of separator is known as a free-water knockout tank. The gas stream is first removed. Historically, gas was often burned (flared) or, at many wells, it was provided to the landowner for domestic use. Today, the gas is often collected and sent to market where gathering lines are available. The marketable gas is generally treated to meet pipeline- quality standards at a gas processing plant. The separated oil stream may contain some water, and the water stream may contain additional dissolved hydrocarbons or emulsified oil. These generally cannot be removed through basic gravity separation and require additional treatment. One common oil field treatment method used to break emulsions is the application of heat generated by burning gas and passing the hot exhaust gas through a pipe running through the middle of a tank known as a heater-treater. This treatment helps to break emulsions, thereby allowing gravity separation to take place. Other approaches that are used to break emulsions involve electrostatic precipitation and emulsion-breaking chemicals (demulsifiers). At some point, the oil is sent to market and the water is left for management or disposal. The next treatment steps, if needed, are dictated by the intended fate of the water. The next several sections describe some of the disposal modes and treatment processes that can be used to manage water that will be injected or discharged. Within these two broad categories, further subdivision is necessary based on the pollutants of concern for the environment into which the water will be disposed of.PDF Image | Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil
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