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The cost breakdown for offshore wind farms differs from onshore wind farms. Offshore, turbines (including towers) generally account for between 34% and 54% of the total installed cost (IEA et al., 2018; Tyler Stehly, 2018; Crown Estate; and BVG Associates, 2019) . Other costs, however – including installation, foundation, and electrical interconnection – are significant, , and take up a sizeable share of the total installed costs. Globally, installation costs can account for up to 19% of total installed costs, while contingency/ other costs, electrical interconnection22 and foundation costs can account for over 22%. Development costs, which includes planning, project management and other administrative costs, comprises up to 5% of total installed costs. Offshore wind site characteristics and country policies can also cause differences in the cost breakdown. In the Netherlands, Denmark and China, for example, developers are not responsible for electrical interconnection costs (besides the cost of electrical arrays for connecting the turbines). CAPACITY FACTORS The range of capacity factors for offshore wind farms is very wide. This is due, first of all, to differences in the meteorology of the different locations where the wind farms are deployed. Second, it is influenced by the technology used and the configuration of the wind farm, i.e. the optimal turbine spacing to minimise wake losses and increase energy yields. Optimisation of the O&M strategy over the life of the project is also an important determinant of the realised lifetime capacity factor. Between 2010 and 2019, the global weighted- average capacity factor of newly commissioned offshore wind farms grew from 37% to 44%. In 2019, the capacity factor range (5th and 95th percentile) for newly installed projects was between 30% and 55%. The weighted-average capacity factor for projects commissioned in Europe increased by one-fifth (or 8 percentage points) from 39% in 2010 to 47% in 2019. Capacity factors are lower in China than Europe, given that Chinese projects tend to be located closer to shore and are sited in lower OFFSHORE WIND 81PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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