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70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Capacity (MW) 200 400 600 800 China Europe Other RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 wind speed locations, than Europe. China also lags Europe in terms of turbine technology, typically using cheaper, smaller turbines that harvest less wind from available wind resources than today’s latest turbines. As a result, the weighted-average capacity factor for projects commissioned in China in 2019 was 33% and in Europe it was 47%. In Europe, the 5th and 95th percentile capacity factor for projects commissioned in 2019 was 37% and 58%, compared to 30% and 39% in China. Capacity factors have been rising due to larger wind turbines, with higher hub heights and larger swept areas that harvest more electricity from the same resource than older machines. There has also been a contribution from reduced downtime as manufacturers have integrated experience from operating wind farm models into more reliable new designs. It is also worth noting the experience in optimising O&M practices to reduce unscheduled maintenance that has been unlocked by improvements in data collection and analytics, allowing for predictive maintenance and production output optimisation. In addition, improvements in the development stage, due to greater experience, have led to better methods for wind resource characterisation when it comes to identifying the best sites, and improved wind farm designs that optimise operational output. For the period 2010 to 2019, an examination of weighted-average capacity factor improvements in countries with offshore wind installations shows that the greatest improvement was in the United Kingdom, where there was a 46% increase over the period (Table 4.2). Germany was the exception to generally increasing capacity factors over the period. This can be attributed to the already relatively high capacity factor achieved in 2010, significantly above its peers, and the impact of projects in Baltic Sea that experience lower wind speeds (Wehrmann, B., 2020). Figure 4.5 Project and weighted average capacity factors for offshore wind, 2000-2019 Source: IRENA Renewable Cost Database. 22 This includes substations (offshore and onshore), electrical array cabling and export cabling 82 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Capacity factor (%)PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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