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Besides opening new markets for offshore wind, floating offshore wind reduces significantly any disturbance to the sea bed during installation and reduces installation time as the installation can be largely assembled in port and towed to its final location. Floating offshore wind turbines may also have lower overall O&M costs, as some major O&M operations (e.g., blade or generator replacements) can be carried out in port. These potential O&M savings will be highly project specific, however, as it depends on the distance to an appropriate deepwater port. Although there are multiple floating foundation types with different anchoring and mooring systems, there is no clear indication of which design will be successful commercially at this stage. It is possible that multiple solutions will co- exist within or between different markets, depending on local sea and seabed conditions, deepwater port availability and developer experience. The three most prevalent designs that have been used for demonstration projects are the spar-buoy, spar-submersible or semi-submersible, and the tension-leg platform, illustrated in Figure B4.1. Figure B4.1 Floating offshore wind foundation types Tension Leg Platform Spar-Submersible Spar-Buoy Source: IRENA, 2018b Most of the floating projects thus far are pre-commercial projects (with some in test centres). These projects are vital in enabling development, especially the standardisation of fabrication processes of floating foundations, gaining operational data and in understanding how to drive cost reductions. Floating offshore wind has been proven to be technically feasible with up to 19 prototype and demonstration projects installed as of 2019, with a capacity of 55.6 MW (42.5 MW which is operational) – with 54% of capacity in the UK23 and 30% of capacity in Japan (Wood Mackenzie, 2019b) . Development is, however, picking up pace and by the end of 2020 up to five designs are expected to have been demonstrated at full-scale, with their commercialisation expected to start in the following five years between 2020 and 2025. 23 The Hywind project is the first commercial floating offshore wind project, deployed in Scotland in 2017 at rated at 30 MW (with five 6 MW wind turbines) using a spar buoy foundation. It is estimated to have an annual net capacity factor of 65%. 86 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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