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112 RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS 2019 Power generation from bioenergy can come from a wide range of feedstocks and use a variety of different combustion technologies. These run from mature, commercially available varieties with a long track record and a wide range of suppliers, to less mature and innovative technologies. The latter includes atmospheric biomass gasification and pyrolysis – technologies that are still largely at the development stage, but are now being tried out on a commercial scale. Mature technologies include: direct combustion in stoker boilers; low-percentage co-firing; anaerobic digestion; municipal solid waste incineration; landfill gas; and combined heat and power. In order to analyse the use of biomass power generation, it is important to consider three main factors: feedstock type and supply; the conversion process; and the power generation technology. Although the availability of feedstock is one of the main elements for the economic success of biomass projects, this report’s analysis focuses on the costs of power generation technologies and their economics, while briefly discussing delivered feedstock costs. BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKS The economics of biomass power generation are different to those of wind, solar and hydro, as biomass is dependent upon the availability of a feedstock supply that is predictable, sustainably sourced, low-cost and adequate over the long term. An added complication is that there are a range of cases where electricity generation is not the primary activity of the site operations, but is tied to forestry or agricultural processing activities that may impact when and why electricity generation happens. For instance, electricity generation at pulp and paper plants a significant proportion of the generated electricity will be used to run their operations. Biomass is the organic material of recently living plants, such as trees, grasses and agricultural crops. Biomass feedstocks are thus very heterogeneous, with the chemical composition highly dependent on the plant species. The cost of feedstock per unit of energy is highly variable, too, ranging from onsite processing residues that would otherwise cost money to dispose of, through to dedicated energy crops that must pay for the land used, harvesting and logistics of delivery, as well as storage on-site at a dedicated bioenergy power plant. Examples of low-cost residues that are combusted for electricity and heat generation are sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, black liquor and other pulp and paper processing residues, sawmill offcuts and sawdust, and renewable municipal waste streams. In addition to cost, the physical properties of the feedstocks matter, as they will differ in ash content, density, particle size and moisture, with heterogeneity in quality. These factors also have an impact on the transportation, pre-treatment and storage costs, as well as the appropriateness of different conversion technologies. Some technologies are relatively robust and can cope with heterogeneous feedstocks, while others require more uniformity (e.g., some gasification processes). A key cost consideration for bioenergy is that most forms have relatively low energy density. Collection and transport costs often therefore dominate the costs of feedstocks derived from forest residues and dedicated energy crops. A consequence of this is that logistical costs start to increase significantly the further from the power plant the feedstocks need to be sourced. In practical terms, this tends to limit the economic size of bioenergy powerplants, as the lowest cost of electricity is achieved once feedstock delivery reaches a certain radius around the plant. For biomass technologies, the typical share of the feedstock cost in the total LCOE ranges from between 20% and 50%. However, prices for biomass sourced and consumed locally are difficult to obtain, meaning whatever market indicators are available for feedstock costs must be used as proxies. Alternatively, estimates of feedstock costs from techno-economic analyses that may not necessarily be representative or up-to-date can be used (see IRENA, 2015, for a more detailed discussion of feedstock costs).PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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