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TOTAL INSTALLED COSTS Different regions have varying costs in biomass power generation, with both a technology component and a local cost component to the total. Projects in emerging economies tend to have lower investment costs when compared to projects in the OECD countries, as emerging economies often benefit from lower labour and commodity costs, but often also benefit from less stringent environmental regulations, thus allowing lower cost technologies with reduced emission control investments, albeit in some cases with higher local pollutant emissions. Planning, engineering and construction costs, fuel handling and preparation machinery, and other equipment (e.g. the prime mover and fuel conversion system) represent the major categories of total investment costs of a biomass power plant. Additional costs are derived from grid connection and infrastructure (e.g. roads). Equipment costs tend to dominate, but specific projects can have high costs for infrastructure and logistics, or for grid connection when located in remote areas. Combined heat and power (CHP) biomass installations have higher capital costs, but the higher overall efficiency (around 80% to 85%) and the ability to produce heat and/or steam for industrial processes, or for space and water heating through district heating networks, can significantly improve the economics. Figure 7.2 presents the total installed cost of bioenergy-fired power generation projects for different feedstocks for the years 2000–2019 where IRENA has sufficient data to provide meaningful cost ranges. Although the pattern of deployment by feedstock varies by country and region, it is clear that total installed costs across feedstocks tend to be higher in Europe and North America and lower in Asia and South America. This often reflects the fact that bioenergy projects in OECD countries are often based on wood, or are combusting renewable municipal or industrial waste, where the main activity may be waste management, with energy generation (potentially heat and electricity) a byproduct of CHP being the cheapest way to manage the waste. In China, the 5th and 95th percentile of projects across all feedstocks ranged from a low of USD 620/kW for rice husk projects to a high of USD 4 094/kW for landfill gas projects, while in India, the range was from a low of USD 508/kW for bagasse projects to a high of 4 305/kW for landfill gas projects. The range is higher for projects in Europe and North America, with costs there ranging from USD 591/kW for landfill gas projects in North America to a high of USD 7 960/kW for wood waste projects in Europe, since the technological options used to develop projects are more heterogeneous and on average more expensive in these regions. The data available by feedstock for the rest of the world is more limited, but the 5th and 95th percentile total installed cost range for bagasse projects was the widest, from USD 422 to USD 5654/kW.31 The weighted average total installed cost for projects in the rest of the world typically lay between the lower values seen in China and India and the higher values prevalent in Europe and North America for the time period covered. Figure 7.3 presents the total installed cost by project, based on capacity ranges. It shows that in the power sector, bioenergy projects are predominantly small scale, with the majority of projects under 25 MW in capacity. There are, however, clear economies of scale evident for plants above around 25 MW, at least in the data for China and India. The relatively small size of bioenergy for electricity plants is the result of the low-energy density of bioenergy feedstocks and the increasing logistical costs involved in enlarging the collection area to provide a greater volume of feedstock to support large-scale plants. The optimal size of a plant to minimise LCOE of the project, in this context, is a trade-off between the cost benefits of economies of scale and the higher feedstock costs as the average distance to the plant of the feedstocks sourced grows. BIOENERGY 31 Excluding the total installed costs for renewable municipal waste, which are not representative given that there are only two projects in the database. 113PDF Image | RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION COSTS IN 2019
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