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Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles

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Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles ( reuse-and-recycling-batteries-employed-electric-vehicles )

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4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.5.7 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 6 Provenance and Tracking of Reused EV Batteries and Cells..........................................................40 Standards, Safety and Standardized Terminology ......................................................................... 41 Liability .......................................................................................................................................... 43 Variability of Chemistries and Cell/Pack Formats..........................................................................44 Transportation and Logistics ......................................................................................................... 44 Battery Storage Technology Changes Rapidly ............................................................................... 46 EV Battery Recycling .....................................................................................................................47 High Level Description of Recycling Processes and Steps ..............................................................47 Major Traditional Nickel and Lithium Battery Recyclers ................................................................48 Retriev ........................................................................................................................................... 50 Umicore ......................................................................................................................................... 53 INMETCO, Pennsylvania (US).........................................................................................................55 Glencore-Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations, Sudbury, Ontario (Canada)..............................56 Battery Solutions, Wixom, Michigan (US) ..................................................................................... 57 Raw Materials Company Inc. – Port Colborne, Ontario (Canada) .................................................58 EV Battery Recycling by Tesla ........................................................................................................ 58 SungEel MCC Americas (SMCC), Endicott, New York (US).............................................................60 Battery Resourcers, Worcester, Massachusetts (US) .................................................................... 61 Developing EV Battery Recycling Technologies and Businesses.....................................................62 American Manganese Inc. ............................................................................................................. 63 Neometals ..................................................................................................................................... 68 Li-Cycle .......................................................................................................................................... 74 Fortum, Finland ............................................................................................................................. 76 Lithion Recycling Inc......................................................................................................................77 Costs of EV Battery Recycling ........................................................................................................ 77 American Manganese Cost Analysis .............................................................................................. 78 Element Energy Cost Analysis........................................................................................................81 Technical Challenges with EV Battery Recycling ............................................................................83 Environmental, Energy, and Cost Impacts of EV Battery Reuse and Recycling...............................86 6.1 Energy and Environmental Impacts of EV Battery Reuse......................................................................86 6.2 Energy Impacts of EV Battery Recycling.........................................................................................92 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 4

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