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6.3 6.4 6.5 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 Environmental Impacts of EV Battery Recycling ............................................................................95 Comparison of Energy and Environmental Impacts of EV Battery Reuse vs. Recycling...............103 Economic Impacts of EV Battery Reuse vs. Recycling...................................................................104 Ongoing Research, Current and Future Legislation ....................................................................107 Selected Research in the US .......................................................................................................107 USDOELithiumBatteryResearchInitiative....................................................................................107 US Advanced Battery Consortium ...................................................................................................109 NAATBatt International ............................................................................................................... 110 Research Initiatives in Other Countries ....................................................................................... 111 The Faraday Institution – Faraday Battery Challenge..................................................................111 EU Innovation Deal......................................................................................................................112 European Battery Alliance ........................................................................................................... 113 European Commission’s Horizon 2020........................................................................................113 AutoBatRec2020.......................................................................................................................... 113 Norwegian LIBRES Project ........................................................................................................... 114 Swedish Projects ......................................................................................................................... 114 Existing Legislation Targeting EV Batteries .................................................................................. 115 European Union Batteries Directive ............................................................................................ 115 European Union End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) Directive..................................................................117 Mandatory Recycling of EV Batteries in China ............................................................................117 Current Consultation Processes and Potential Legislation in the US and Canada .......................118 California ..................................................................................................................................... 118 Provinces of Ontario and BC (Canada) ........................................................................................120 8 9 List of Appendix A: Types of Electric Vehicles ........................................................................................................163 Appendix B: Lithium-ion Battery Components ............................................................................................165 AppendixC: Lithium-ionBatteryChemistriesandComposition.................................................................167 Appendix D: Lithium-ion EV Battery Design and Configuration ...................................................................171 Appendix E: Battery Chemistry in Different HEVs, PHEVs and B E V s .........................................................178 Appendix F: Supply Chain for Materials in EV Batteries...............................................................................181 KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 131 Data Needs and Research Gaps ..................................................................................................133 References ........................................................................................................................................135PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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