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Most EV batteries at EOL will come through the auto dismantling or auto recycling supply chain. While some m a y come through independent auto service and repair facilities, the more common route w i l l likely be through official OEM channels such as Toyota, GM, Ford and other dealers, given the need for trained mechanics to service EVs. For EVs that do not pass through official dealer hands at EOL, they likely will be sent to small dismantling facilities (junkyards). These small facilities, which typically recover valuable used parts from ICE vehicles for sale to individuals or vehicle repair shops, are generally not familiar with how to manage EVs. Through discussions with the Automotive Recyclers Association (ARA) and Automotive Recyclers of Canada (ARC) (the associations which represent these small facilities in the US and Canada), it is clear that the numbers of EV batteries appearing at these sites are beginning to increase and operators do not know how to handle them. In response to this increase, both ARA and ARC now offer training courses for both emergency first responders and scrap yard staff on how to recognize and safely discharge EV batteries. The current focus is on HEVs, as these are the types encountered most often. As an indication of the current interest in better management of EV batteries, the two days o f courses on Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Dismantlers Training offered by the Ontario Automotive Recyclers Association in August, 2019 was fully subscribed with a waiting list before being officially advertised.22 The 6-hour 1-day training is specifically designed for vehicle recyclers and is accredited by the Waste Management Industry Training and Advisory Board. The course covers the following topics: hybrid vehicle and EV explanation; common features of most hybrids; high voltage safety; electric shock potential; moving and towing a hybrid; de-powering the high voltage system; and battery storage and best management practice. In short, safety concerns are highlighting the need for d e v e l o p m e n t o f an infrastructure to collect, dismantle and deliver EOL EV batteries to reuse or recycling companies. 3.7 Future Li-ion Battery Chemistries NMC and NCA chemistries are the most commonly used in the EVs sold in North America. NCA batteries, which typically use a combination of 80% nickel, 15% cobalt, and 5% aluminum, are made by Panasonic and so far are only used in Tesla models.23 NMC batteries take several forms, such as NMC111 (based on equal parts nickel, manganese, and cobalt) and NM532/622 (higher energy density and lower price than NMC111 due to a lower cobalt content). NMC cathodes currently account for nearly 28% of global EV sales, and it has been predicted that market share will grow to 63% by 2027.24 As the price of cobalt increases, it is predicted that the trend towards NMC and NCA types of li-ion batteries and away from other chemistries will continue. When it comes to recycling li-ion EV 22 Personal communication with Steve Fletcher, Executive Director of Automotive Recyclers of Canada, July, 2019 23 Maloney, P. 1 August 2018. “Electric vehicle and stationary storage batteries begin to diverge as performance priorities evolve.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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