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increasing their NMC811 production capacity. Tesla already uses NMC811 cathode technology in its Tesla Powerwall.29 3.8 Future EV Battery Designs A number of other battery formats are being explored at this time. The anticipated date for these design changes to be commercialized is uncertain. Solid-State Batteries In solid-state batteries, the liquid/polymer electrolyte in today’s li-ion batteries is replaced with a solid, non-flammable electrolyte.30 This reduces the safety risks associated with current li-ion technology, such as the potential for EVs to overheat, explode or catch fire due to short-circuiting. In terms of performance, these batteries could double the energy density offered by current technology, allowing for increased energy generation, faster recharging, longer lifespan, lower material requirements (which results in lower prices), compact cell size of 3-4 microns instead of 20-30 microns today, and a possibility of quick charging without dendrite formation. Advantages to the car owner and industry would include reduced charging time and reduced space requirements in the vehicle. Although a growing number of manufacturers, including Toyota, BMW, Honda, Hyundai, and Nissan, are working on developing these batteries, none are automotive production ready.31 Toyota is planning to use solid-state batteries in some models by 2020. James Dyson, who is best known for vacuum cleaner production, is planning to launch three EVs in 2022, all with solid- s t a t e batteries. Fisker is also exploring the use of solid-state batteries in the EV models that they intend to produce in the 2021+ timeframe. Fluoride-ion Batteries Honda recently published a report32 on new fluoride-ion batteries that it is developing. According to 29Zaheer, H. February 28, 2019. “Evolution of Li-ion Batteries: From the Garage to the Grid.” https://www.tdworld.com/energy-storage/evolution-li- ion-batteries-garage-grid 30 RBC Capital Markets. May 11, 2018. “RBC Electric Vehicle Forecast Through 2050 & Primer.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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