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Honda, a stable liquid fluoride electrolyte made of tetraalkylammonium fluoride salts dissolved in an organic, fluorinated ether solvent, can be used in a cell to conduct electricity at room temperature to provide power and to recharge. The cathode is a nano-structure made of copper, lanthanum, and fluorine that resists the formation of dendrites that can lead to premature failure in a li-ion cell.33 The company believes that the cells can reach energy densities up to 10 times higher than currently available lithium batteries, which could allow automakers to build cars with 300 miles of range or more with smaller, lighter, and cheaper battery packs. 34 Innolith Batteries35 Innolith, a startup based in Switzerland, has created a battery with a capacity of 1,000 Wh/kg or 1kWh/kg and allows 600 miles on one charge. Innolith technology is already in service in Hagerstown, Maryland for PJM Grid, which operates the regional utility grid for all or parts of Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The Innolith “Grid Bank” battery is being tested at scale in Hagerstown. Testing is still underway with commercial production anticipated by 2020. Like conventional li-ion batteries, the Innolith battery uses a wet electrolyte but the organic and highly flammable solvent used in li-ion batteries is replaced with an inorganic salt-like material that is more stable and less flammable. This also allows the construction of a more dense battery pack. Non-Copper Anodes Graphite-coated copper has been used as an anode in li-ion batteries since the 1990s. Two developments in anode design could replace copper anodes: • Lithium Titanate (LTO) Anode: LTO anodes have a higher power density and allow a higher number of charging/discharging cycles than copper anodes. Toshiba announced its 50Ah prototype of this type of battery and claims it will retain 90% of its capacity after 5000 cycles.36 • Silicon Anode: Silicon anode technology provides high energy density and power rating potential at a potentially lower cost than current graphite anodes. Samsung SDI and Panasonic are already workingwiththistechnology butalongertimetomarketisanticipated. 33 Evarts, E. December 21, 2018. “Honda presents new battery chemistry that could succeed lithium-ion.”PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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