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The mechanical phase feeds separated cells and smaller packs (e.g., laptop, power tool, and cell phone) by conveyor to an automated hammer mill crusher. The crusher operates under a lithium brine process solution to prevent fugitive emissions and to reduce the reactivity of processed batteries. This dissolves electrolyte and lithium salts. The process stream is then separated from the li-ion “fluff”, which is a mixture of plastics and some steel. If the steel content is sufficient the fluff is sent for steel recovery, otherwise it is disposed. The steel content can be as high as 65% depending on the feedstock. The process stream then passes through a shaker table to produce a copper cobalt product (a mixture of copper, aluminum and cobalt). This product is sold to primary metal producers. The slurry is then added to a mix tank and/or holding tank. The slurry is passed through a filter press to produce a cobalt filter cake (a mixture of cobalt and carbon), which is sent to a cobalt smelter, generally Glencore in Sudbury, Ontario, the only cobalt smelter in North America. There are no effluents or discharges from these water-based lines; all process water is re-circulated and cleaned up. The remaining slurry is sent to the primary process line to recover lithium in the form of lithium carbonate. Cryo-milling (low-temperature processing) is carried out for lithium primary processes only. Some batteries are frozen in liquid nitrogen to lower the reactivity of the batteries as they go through the shredding process. The acidic cathode components are neutralized with sodium hydroxide if necessary. After removal of debris and carbon, lithium is precipitated from solution as lithium carbonate. There is no freezing in Retriev’s li-ion process. Four output streams are produced: • Copper cobalt product (copper, aluminum, and cobalt); • Cobalt filter cake (cobalt and carbon); • Li-ion ‘fluff’ (mix of plastics and some steel); and • Lithium brine (dissolved electrolytes and lithium salts). The technical-grade lithium carbonate (>99% purity124) that is produced at the Trail, BC facility is generally sold to a steel manufacturer. The estimated recycling efficiency rate through the process ranges from 65% to 80% of the incoming battery weight depending on the batteries processed. Retriev generally receives a battery pack from a supplier or manufacturer for initial analysis. A full report is issued on the steps and time required to disassemble the pack down to the cell level, which are all processed within Retriev’s Trail, BC facility. Retriev conducts a full analysis on each cell to determine the contained metal values, which are used in the valuation process. Depending on metal content and current metal market values, it is then determined if a tipping fee (sometimes referred to as a gate fee or charge) must be charged to the battery owner or whether a credit is owed to account for the fact 124 Prices are not readily available publicly, but have been $1,500 to $4,500 per tonne in the past. KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 52PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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