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that the material revenues covered the recycling costs. As a result of today’s comparatively low values for nickel and cobalt, a tipping fee is now charged for most li-ion batteries, whereas in the past these batteries were sometimes processed for a credit where the generator was paid for the metal value minus a processing fee. Nickel Chemistries125 Retriev’s recycling of NiMH batteries focuses on recovering the valuable nickel components using a proprietary pyrometallurgical process for component separation. Physical disassembly of large format, industrial-type NiMH batteries occurs on a manual line. Anode and cathode plates are separated and consolidated by material type, and sent on to additional metal refining. In the pyrometallurgical process, nickel-containing batteries are heated to a temperature enabling cadmium recovery and final removal of all battery separator materials. The constituent materials are captured using engineered environmental controls. Resulting marketable outputs are cobalt-nickel filter cake and a nickel-enriched iron material that can be reused as a raw material in many applications, including stainless steel production. All other hazardous elements are recovered and managed in compliance with regulatory requirements. Other Services In addition to recycling EV batteries, Retriev offers the following services to automakers engaged in selling and servicing EVs:126 • Specialized facilities for storing and maintaining new or unused EV batteries for replacement; • Trained dedicated personnel who coordinate return of non-functioning EV batteries and new EV battery replacement; • Logistics services for a variety of customers; • A consulting services division related to EV battery recycling, safety and staying ahead of regulations; and • A research and development (R&D) division in Folcroft, PA. 5.2.2 Umicore Umicore is a global mining and metallurgy company working on EV battery recycling as well as recycling of other large quantities of metal waste. The company has 48 production and 14 R&D sites around the globe with over 10,000 employees. Umicore recently invested €660 million in China and Europe to bring its total processing capacity to at least 175,000 metric tons by 2021. As a mining company, it sees EV batteries as a critical source of cobalt, and is recycling EV batteries in its industrial-scale pilot plant in Europe, which has a 125 http://www.retrievtech.com/recycling/nicad-and-nimh 126 http://www.retrievtech.com/batteries/electric-and-hybrid-vehicles KELLEHER RESEARCH STUDY ON REUSE AND RECYCLING OF BATTERIES EMPLOYED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER, 2019 PAGE 53PDF Image | Reuse and Recycling of Batteries Employed in Electric Vehicles
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